Glossary

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

A

A-P or a-p: antero-posterior, from front to back
abdomen: area of the body between chest and pelvis
abdominal: pertaining to the abdomen
abduct, abduction: movement of a body part away from the midline of the body
abducted gait: walking with the legs spread away from the midline
abductor: muscle that moves a body part away from the midline of the body
ability to walk: walking, mobility, quality of life factor
ablatio mammae: surgical removal of female breast
ablation: surgical removal
above elbow (AE) amputation: amputation through the humerus between the shoulder joint and the elbow joint
above elbow (AE) prosthesis: prosthesis for a person with a trans-humeral amputation
above the knee (AK) amputation: amputation through the femur (thigh bone) between the hip joint and the knee joint
above the knee (AK) prosthesis: prosthesis for transfemoral amputation - (AK)
abrasion: superficial rub or wearing off of the skin
abscess: localized collection of pus in a cavity formed by the disintegration oftissue
abutment: in osseointegration: the coupling projecting through the skin between the implant (fixture) and the external appliance
acceleration: rate of change of velocity with respect to time
acceleration phase: sub-phase in the swing phase of gait
ACE wrap, Ace bandage: stretchable, expandable bandage for joint support
acetabulum: concave pelvic component of the hip joint receiving the femoral head
acetone: liquid solvent
achilles tendon: tendon at distal end of calf muscles attached to the calcaneus
acrylic resin: thermo-setting resin on an acrylic base
actuator: device converting electric or hydromechanical energy to mechanical movement.
acute: rapid onset or short duration of a condition
adapter: device coupling two different ends
adduct; adduction: movement of a body part towards the midline of the body
adductor: muscle moving a body part towards the midline of the body
adductor roll: medial-proximally located roll oft soft tissue (TF-prosthetics)
adhesion
adhesion contact socket: contact socket, type of suction socket
adipose: containing fat cells
adjust: act of correcting something according to general standards or individual needs, also: re-align
ADL: Activities of Daily Living
admission: the act ofaccepting a person for treatment in a hospital or clinic
adolescent: person between the onset of puberty and maturity
adult: fully mature person
aerobic: any biological process that occurs in the presence ofoxygen
aetiology, etiology: origin or cause of a disease
AFO: orthosis that encompasses the ankle joint and whole or part of the foot
agenesis: absence or failure to develop of any part or organ
agonist: muscle opposed in action by another muscle called the antagonist
aid: means of support; O&P: a device of supporting function, as walking aid etc.
aids for daily living, ADL: aid for daily living
air splint: orthosis containing an air chamber(s)
AK-prosthesis: prosthesis for person with a trans-femoral amputation
AK-socket: socket of trans-femoral prosthesis
akinesia: loss of the ability to control motor muscles
alignment: establishment of the position in space of the components of a prosthesis or orthosis relative to one another and the user
alignment (of a joint): spatial relationship between the segments that comprise the joint
alignment (of a skeletal segment): spatial relationship between the ends of the segment
alignment (of the trunk or any part thereof): spatial relationship between the relevant two vertebrae
alignment components (of prostheses): components of prostheses that permit changes in the position of the components of the prosthesis relative to one another
allergy: over-reaction of the immune system against ?foreign? matter (allergen)
alloy: mixture of metals to obtain specific characteristics.
ALLURION? foot: low height energy storing/returning multi-flexible carbonfibre composite foot
aluminum, aluminium: low density metal
ambulate, ambulation: walk; bipedal movement from place to place
ambulation: the act of bipedal motion or moving/walking from place to place
ambulator: a frame to assist ambulation
amputation: surgical removal of an external body part
amputation level: the part of the body through which the amputation is performed such as trans-tibial, trans-metatarsal, trans-humeral.
amputee: individual who has had an amputation
amputee care: management of amputees by an interdisciplinary team
anaerobic: any biologic process that occurs in the absence of oxygen
analgesia: pain relief
analyse: to examine critically
analysis: the process of detailed research on components of a whole
anamnesis: medical case history of a patient
anastomosis: the surgical connection of two like tubular body tissues- can be nerves, blood vessels, or bowel
anatomical landmark: visible or palpable body structure used as a reference point
anatomical suspension: suspension obtained by anchoring the socket to the underlying anatomy
anatomy: science of structure of organisms
anesthesia: loss of feeling or sensation.
angiogenesis: growth and proliferation of blood vessels
angiography: imaging process that uses dye injected into blood vessels
angularity: the property of a shape with intersecting borders
angulus sub-publicus: angle of the pubic ramus, important in IC-sockets
ankle: joint between the distal ends of the tibia and fibula and the proximal end of the talus
ankle block: connector between prosthetic foot and shin
ankle joint: joint between the tibia, the fibula and the talus
ankle-brachial index (ABI): ratio between ankle and arm systolic blood pressures
ankle-foot device: functional component of a prosthesis designed to substitute for some of the functions of the normal ankle and foot by means of controlled motions
ankle-foot orthosis (AFO): orthosis that encompasses the ankle joint and whole or part of the foot
ankylosis: pathological fusion of a joint.
anoxia: reduction in the amount of oxygen carried to tissues per unit of time
antagonist: muscle opposed in action by another muscle called the agonist
anterior: front
antero-lateral: front and outer sides
antero-medial: front and inner sides
anteversion: forward tilt of a body part; opposite of retroversion.
anthropometry: measurement of the human body
anti?: against
antibiotic: medication for the treatment of microbial infection
anvil: block of iron, surface used in forging metal
apex: top or summit, the highest point, the peak
appliance (in O&P): instrument designed for a particular (functional) purpose; O&P: orthotic device / prosthetic device = orthosis / prosthesis
application: making work or connecting to?
apprentice: student learning a profession or craft in a structured approach
apprenticeship (course): training course for vocational education
appropriate: most suitable
appropriate technology: technology appropriate for a particular person, place or environment
arch: curvedbody structure (e.g.; arches of the foot)
arch support: a support for the arch of the foot
arteriography, arteriogram: angiographyof arteries
artery: blood vessel transportingblood from the heart
arthritis: acute or chronic joint inflammation
arthrodesis: permanent surgical immobilization of a joint
arthroplasty: surgical reconstruction of a joint
arthrosis: degenerative joint disease; synonym for osteoarthritis
articulating components(of orthoses): functional components of orthoses that allow or control the motion of anatomical joints (joints for spinal orthoses, hip, knee,ankle, foot/toe, shoulder, elbow, wrist, hand/finger)
articulation: a joint
aseptic: not caused by bacterial infection
ASIS: anterior superior iliac spine
assessment: process of gathering information about thefunctioning of an individual
assistive products; assistive devices: products (including devices, equipment, instruments, technology, and software) that prevent, compensate, monitor, relieve, or neutralizing impairments, activity limitations, and/ or participation restrictions
atheromatosis: Deposits of cholesterol and other fats in the walls of medium and large arteries (also called atherosclerosis)
atherosclerosis: A hardening of the walls of the arteries caused by atheromatosis
athetosis: continuous involuntary movements of the limbs
athletic: highly physically active; participating in competitive sports
atrophy: shrinkage, wastage of biological tissue
augment: enlarge
autolysis: latin. auto=self, lysis=dissolution; self-dissoluting process of devitalised tissue; proteolytic enzymes and macrophage activity is thought to be responsible for autolysis.
autonomic nervous system: part of the nervous system, not under voluntary control
axial rotator: functional component of a prosthesis designed to allow transverse plane rotation
axilla, axillary: the armpit, relating to the axilla

B

back: the posterior aspect of the trunk, extending from the base of the neck to the buttocks
bacteria: type of infective microorganism
balance: a state of equilibrium
ball bearing: bearing box containing a ring of balls designed to minimize resistance to rotation
ball joint: joint that permits angular motion in all planes
band: 1. tie 2. reinforcement structure
bandage, non-elastic: fabric wrapping used to support tissue
bandage, to: process of applying bandages, taping
bandaging technique (for stumps): process of applying (compression) bandages to a recently amputated residual limb
bandagist: orthotist specialized in soft orthotics, mastectomy prostheses etc.
bar: structural component of an orthosis that connects the articulating and interface components and maintains the alignment
barrier: structure or object that impedes free movement
Barthel Index: measure based on 10 items specific to activities of daily living (ADL) and mobility
BE: below elbow
bearing: a part that supports and guides the movement of another part
bed exercises: early PT - treatment in bed after disease or surgical intervention
bed sore: ulcer caused by pressure/shear on skin over a bony prominence; pressure sore, decubitus ulcer
below elbow (BE) amputation: amputation below the elbow joint
below elbow (BE) prosthesis: prosthesis after amputation below the elbow joint
belt: suspension component of prostheses/orthoses, also light abdominal bandage
bench: workstation, worktable
bench alignment: alignment of prosthetic or orthotic components based on technical characteristics and patient data
bend, to: to shape in a curve or kink; providing a shape or contour to sidebars, bands etc.
bending iron: set of two contouring tools for metal bar bending
bending moment: product of a force and the perpendicular distance between the force and the point the bending moment refers to
benign: being of kind disposition. applies to nonmalignant tumours
bevel: chamfer an edge
biaxial joint: joint with two axes
big toe: great (first) toe; hallux
bilateral: relating to both sides
bilateral amputation: amputation of both lower limbs or both upper limbs at the same time
bilateral amputee: individual who has had an amputation of both lower or both upper limbs
bilateral prosthetic management: pediatric bilateral transfemoral prosthetic management
bioelectricity: electric phenomena in humans, animals or plants
bioengineering: application of engineering sciences in medicine and biology
biofeedback therapy: technique in which patients are trained to gainvoluntary control over certain physiological functions by providing sensory feedback
biological (physiological) age: assessment of a person's age
biology: science pertaining to living structures
biomechanics: application of mechanics in medicine and biology
bionic knee: motorized and computer-controlled, electromechanic, prosthetic knee joint
bionics: technology used to replace or augment a particular physiological functions by electronic or electromechanical human-like components. Such components may be programmed to be self-learning.
biscapular abduction: bringing both shoulders forward simultaneously (prosthetic control motion)
BK amputation: amputation of the lower limb between the knee joint and the ankle joint
BK prosthesis: prosthesis for person with a trans-tibial amputation
BK socket: socket for trans-tibial prosthesis
blister: fluid-filled space within the epidermis
blister (vacuum) forming: thermal molding of a plastic sheet, heldin a frame, by applying a vacuum
block heel: wide basis heels
blood clot: gelatinous mass of coagulated blood
blood flow: movement of blood within the vessels
body: the whole structure of an individual
body jacket: type of spinal orthoses
body powered: powered by the person using muscles (as opposed to outside energy)
body-image: self-perception of one's body
bolts: machine screw and similar
bonding agent: adhesive substance (e.g. glue, cement)
bone: type of tissue making up the skeleton
bone loss syndrome: reduction of bony mass
bone spur: protrusion of bone or fragment of bone
bonification: soft tissue gradually changing into bony tissue
bony bridge: spontaneous or surgical bone connection between bones (e.g. tibia and fibula)
bony landmark: visible or palpable bone structure giving reference points
bony lock (O&P): m-l tight locking design in ischial containment sockets
bordering: providing a smooth trim line or brim
Boston Brace: type of spinal orthosis developed for adolescent scoliosis treatment
bouncy mechanism: part of a prosthetic knee unit that provides shock absorption by limited flexion
bowleg: deformity in which the normal femoro-tibial angle in the coronal plane (valgus) is reversed (varus)
brace: outdated term for orthosis
brain, cerebrum: part of the central nervous system enclosed in the cranium
braze: metal joining technique using a molten filler metal alloy having a melting temperature greater than about 425 ¯ C
brazing tool: tool for heat supported metal soldering
brim: proximal part of a socket or orthotic shell; casting tool / template
BRöCKNER amputation: short trans-tibial amputation for the dysvascular patient with resection of the fibula and resection of muscles except for the medial gastrocnemius. purpose: improvement of primary healing
brooch / hook: hooks holding a lace, closure of shoes etc.
buffing: creating a shiny surface finish
build-up (tech.): location of added plaster in modifications of plaster casts
bulbous stump: stump with a distal circumference greater than more proximally
BURGESS amputation: trans-tibial amputation using a long posterior myocutaneous flap
burn: thermal injury
burn compression garment: compression garment (also used for burn-, keloid treatment)
bursa: sac or sac-like cavity containing viscous fluid
by-law: law, or internal regulation made by a local legal authority, a corporation or a professional association
bypass: surgical procedure, creating an alternative path using a vein or artificial graft for the flow of blood,designed to increase blood flow to an organ or extremity

C

c-clamp: clampingtool (woodwork)
CAD CAM: Computer Aided Design, Computer Aided Manufacture
CAD CAM mill: CNC (Computerized Numerically Controlled) milling machine for CAD-CAM applications
CAD CAM scanner mobile: optical laser scanner for mobile use
CAD CAM scanner static: optical laser scanner for stationary use
cadence: number of steps per unit of time
calcaneus: heel bone; os calcis
calcification, calcified: deposition of calcium salts in body tissues
calculation: process of determining something by mathematical or logical methods
calf: posterior fleshy aspect of the lower leg, including the gastrocnemius and soleus muscles
calf band: connection between side bars at level of the calf
calf corset: circumferential calf shell in an orthosis
caliper, calliper (O&P): outdated term for a specific orthosis (externally applied device used to modify the structural and functional characteristics of the neuro muscular and skeletal systems)
caliper, calliper (tech.): instrument for measuring the precise distance between two points
Canadian Hip Disarticulation Prosthesis: prosthesis for person with hip disarticulation
cancer: malignant and undifferentiated growth of cells
cancerogenous: causing cancer
cane: walking stick
cap band: finishing element of trim lines, brims of corsets
carbon fiber: high modulus, low weight fibre mainly made by carbonising polyacrylonitrile fibres at high temperature
carbon fibre foot: energy returning prosthetic foot
cardanic: two axes, aligned in 90 degrees toward each other
cardanic joint: mechanical jointed linkage between two shafts, permitting rotation combined with transfer of torque; simultaneously permitting flexing in two planes of the joint around their longitudinal axes
cardiac: pertaining to the heart (as: cardiac infarct?)
cardiac infarct: myocardial infarction: cardiac tissue that is dying due to lack of oxygen
cardiorespiratory function: pertaining to or affecting both the heart and the lungs and their function
cardiovascular: pertaining to the heart and blood vessels
care, the: attention and management implying responsibility for safety, as care of a sick person
care, to: to manage implying responsibility for safety, as caring for a sick person
carve: shaping by taking material off (chipping off, sanding off)
cast (negative, concave): mold: container into which liquid is poured to create the given shape once it hardens; plaster cast
cast (positive, convex): positive (plaster or similar) mold
cast modification: process of modifying the positive model obtained by filling a negative cast in order to obtain a shape that specifies the whole or part of the form of the final prosthesis or orthosis
cast removal: removal of plaster bandage from a poured plaster cast
cast taking: acquisition and recording of all information required to construct the prosthesis (orthosis) by taking negative casts of the body segments
caster: freely moving front wheels at a wheel chair
casting and measurement taking: acquisition and recording of all information required to construct the prosthesis (orthosis) by means that may include the preparation of diagrams, tracing, measurements and negative casts of the body segments
casting procedure: technique of getting 3-dimensional body impressions
caudal: direction, toward distal end of the vertebral column (tail)
cavovalgus foot deformity: foot deformity presenting with high medial arch combined with heel valgus
CDH: congenital dislocation of the hip
cell (anat. & tech.): smallest living unit; elementary technical unit
cellular: made up from cells
cellulitis: diffuse subcutaneous inflammatory process
celluloid: one of the first plastic materials available
cement: liquid or gel-like material that acts as an adhesive agent after curing
center of gravity (COG): the point in an object at which its weight is considered to act
center of mass (COM): the point in an object at which its mass is considered to act
center punch: tool used to set a point-shaped mark in a piece of metal
centrode: graph for the path of the instantaneous centers of rotation
cerebral: pertaining to the cerebrum
cerebral palsy: motor nerve disorder caused by permanent brain defect present at birth or soon after
cerebral paresis: dysfunction of muscle tissue pertaining to cerebral trauma
cerebro vascular accident: blood clot or bleeding in the brain
cerebrum: the major part of the brain, occupying the upper part of the cranium
cervical: pertaining to the neck
cervical collar (cervical brace): orthosis that encompasses the whole or part of the cervical region including the atlanto occipital joint
cervical orthosis: orthosis that encompasses the whole or part of the cervical region including the atlanto occipital joint
cervical spine: most proximal segments of the spinal column
CETERUS? foot: energy storing/returning multi-flexible carbonfibre composite foot with shock absorber and rotator
chairback brace: type of spinal orthosis designed to reduce lumbar lordosis
chamfer: to thin out the edges of a material
Charcot joint: almost painless joint and soft tissue destruction resulting from sensory neuropathy; most common in the foot and ankle (Charcot foot)
check or diagnostic socket: transparent or translucent socket for assessing fit
check-out: process of verifying that the finished condition of the prosthesis or orthosis ( including fit, function, and appearance) is satisfactory
chest: region of the trunk between the neck and the abdomen
chest expansion: volume increase of the chest caused by inhalation
chiropodist (Canada): medical doctor specialized in foot care (Canada)
Chopart amputation: partial foot amputation at the mid tarsal (Chopart) joint line
Chopart joint: mid-tarsal joint line between talus and navicular, and calcaneus and cuboid.
chronic: long term (disease; opposite of acute)
chronological (age): actual (calendar) age
circumduction of hip: Combined hip joint abduction and anterior pelvic rotation during swing phase
circumference: the measurement around a physical body
clam shell design: longitudinally split socket or shell
claudication (vascular): pain in the lower limbs due to impaired blood supply associated with activity
clinic: facility providing outpatient public health services, including related services such as laboratories and treatment rooms.
clinician: a health professional who is directly involved with the care and treatment of patients
closure: mechanism used to close
clot (blood): gelatinous mass of coagulated blood
club foot: congenital (or acquired) deformity of the foot, ankle and distal tibia; talipes equino varus
CNC: Computer Numeric Controlled design and manufacturing
CNS: central nervous system (brain)
CO: cervical orthosis, orthosis for neck immobilization
CO - CP - CPO: Certified ... Orthotist..Prosthetist..Prosthetist/Orthotist (ISPO Category 1)
coating: surface cover (as plastic coating of metal surfaces)
coccyx: anatomy: the ?tailbone?, a bone fusion at the lower end of the spine
coefficient of friction: number determining forces between sliding surfaces
cognitive: referring to the thought process
collar: orthosis that encompasses the whole or part of the cervical region including the atlanto occipital joint
collateral ligament: ligaments bridging the side of joints
colonization: presence of bacteria not causing infection
community rehabilitation service: any community-based rehabilitation service, possibly linked to other care services
comorbidity: relative incidence of disease indicating the coexistence of two or more disease processes
compatible (components): capable of being used together
compliance (patient): adherence to prescribed therapy
component(s): part(s) of a whole; construction parts; pre-fab parts
composite material: made of different materials
compound: result of a chemical binding process
compression hose: garment to treat varicosities and/or oedema
compression therapy: application of elastic material around a body part to reduce or prevent oedema
concave, concavity: inwardly curved, hollow (opposite of convex)
condyle: cartilage covered rounded end of bone forming a joint surface
congenital: present at birth
conical stump: a stump being larger in the proximal circumference than in the distal circumference
connective tissue: supports, binds, or separates more specialized tissues and organs of the body
consecutive: following a sequence
constant friction: continuous application of a braking force
consultant: a person providing professional advice
contact cushion: distal contact padding in prosthetic socket
contact measuring: measuring while touching the object measured
contact pad: contact cushion (prosthetics)
contamination: pollution with unwanted substances, also microorganisms
continuous passive motion (CPM): continuously moving an unloaded joint using a motorized device
contour drawing: draft of the outer perimeter of a body
contour, the (noun): outer perimeter of a body
contour, to (verb): creating a shape by forming, bending
contouring: providing a shape or contour to sidebars, to reinforcing bands etc.
contraction (muscle): activity of a muscle (may be shortening, isometric or lengthening)
contracture: pathological limitation of motion of joints
contralateral: affecting or pertaining to the opposite side, opposite of ipsilateral
control (medical): process of comparing conditions against a standard or a set of target values
control loop: technical means of continuously controlling a process including feedback for resetting to the desired values
convalescence: gradual healing (through rest) after sickness or injury, the period of recovery
convex, convexity: outwardly curved or bulged (opposite of concave)
cooperation: act of working together for mutual goals
COPD: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: condition comprised primarily of chronic bronchitis and emphysema
copy, transfer: bringing, copying etc. something from A to B
copy, transfer device: device supporting (alignment) transfer from trial O&P device to definitive device
copy+A394 or transfer device: device supporting (alignment) transfer from trial O&P device to definitive one
cork: bark of a tree, natural cellular light weight material
coronal plane: reference plane dividing the body into ventral and dorsal parts; perpendicular to sagittal and transverse planes (frontal plane)
coronary arteries: arteries that deliver oxygenated blood to the heart itself
correction: act of restoring towards normal
correlate: establish relationships between variables
correlation: measure of how strongly variables are pertaining, or change, with each other
corrosion: deterioration of materials by chemical influences such as oxidation
corset: circumferential shell; interface component of prostheses/orthoses:type of fabric spinal orthosis
cosmetic components (of orthoses): components of orthoses that provide shape, colour and texture; they include fillers andcovers or sleeves
cosmetic components (of prostheses): components of prostheses which simulate the appearance and feel of the normal limb: they include cosmetic fillers and shells and prosthetic skins and stockings
cosmetic cover: cosmetic component of a prosthesis, shaped and coloured to resemble the natural limb
countersink, to: taking the edge off a drilled hole, creating circular concavity
coupler: a connective device
cover: top layer that serves to conceal or shelter underlying structures
covert: secret or hidden; not openly practiced or shown
coxitis/coxarthritis: inflammation of the hip joint
CPM, continuous passive motion: continuously moving an unloaded joint using a motorized device
CPO: Certified Prosthetist / Orthotist (ISPO Category I)
craft & trade: European (German) vocational structuring system
cranial: relating to the skull; towards the head
crepitation, crepitus: the crackling sound that can be felt/heard from fracturedbony ends; arthritic joints or from tissues affected with gas gangrene.
crossline filing: using a handheld file in a 90 degrees offset direction
cruciate ligaments: intra-articular ligaments of the knee
crutch: walking aid that may provide forearm or axillary support
CRW: Community based Rehabilitation Worker (WHO Geneva)
CT, computer tomography: method to take radiographs in sequential slices
CTLSO: Cervico-Thoraco-Lumbo-Sacral Orthosis; orthosis that encompasses the whole or part of the cervical, the thoracic, the lumbar and the sacro-iliac regions including the atlanto-occipital joint
CTO: Cervico-Thoraco Orthosis; orthosis that encompasses the whole or part of the cervical and the thoracic regions including the atlanto-occipital joint
cuff: interface component of an orthosis - a narrow flexible wholly or partially circumferential shell that encompasses a body segment, or part thereof
cup, connection cup: socket connector in prosthetics
cure, the (noun - med.): healing; desired result of therapy
cure, to (verb - med.): medical therapeutic measure
cure, to (verb - techn.): to set, harden
curvature: degree of curving of a line or surface; a mathematically describable property
cushion: upholstered device, providing a soft surface
cushioning: act of applying or the result of having applied pads or cushioning materials
custom made: device that is designed and manufactured to meet functional requirements of the individual user from information such as moulds, models, measurements and images
cylindrical stump: stump being approximately equal in the proximal and distal circumferences
cyst: abnormal tissue sac containing liquid or semi-solid matter

D

debridement: wound care measure; removal of non-vital tissues and foreign material to prevent infection and permit healing
deceleration: the rate of decrease of velocity with respect to time
deceleration phase: sub-phase in the swing phase of gait
decree: decision or order of the Court, text in the law or regulation with law-like character
decubitus ulcer: ulcer caused by pressure/shear on skin over a bony prominence; pressure or bed sore
deficiency: state in which one or more bones of a limb are totally absent, partially absent, or hypoplastic
deficiency: shortcoming in health caused by a disease or impairment
deficit: shortfall or shortcoming
deflector plate: leaf spring design in prosthetic feet, energy return device
deformity: abnormal shape or structure that mayinfluence function; alignment of a skeletal segment or joint (may be abnormal, preventable, reducible or irreducible/fixed)
degeneration: biological wear and tear
dehydration: excessive loss of water from the body
Delrin: thermoplastic material, used as a flexible, energy returning keel
dementia: chronic degenerative loss of mental capacity; may involve progressive deterioration of cognitive capabilities, behavior, personality and motor function.
deposit: (biological or pathological) storage mechanism, sediment
dermatitis: inflammation of the skin
derotating orthosis: orthosis for derotation - one of the principles of scoliosis treatment
design: functional lay-out and planning to work from for a defined outcome; an arrangement of lines and shapes as a decoration
dessication: removal of water; the process of drying
device: instrument designed for a particular (functional) purpose; O&P: orthotic device / prosthetic device = orthosis / prosthesis
dexterity: skill in using the hands
diabetes mellitus: disease caused by insufficient insulin production or lack of responsiveness to insulin
diabetic gangrene: death of tissue caused by diabetes
diabetic ulcer: ulcer caused by pressure/shear on skin over a bony prominence in foot or lower leg in diabetes mellitus (related to loss of sensation)
diagnosis: searching and finding a cause and details of disease
diaphysis: shaft of a long bone
dimension: seize as measured
dimensional stability: keeping the dimensions
diplegia: abnormal muscle activity (hypertonicity) affecting both sides of body with lower limbs more affected than upper limbs: as in cerebral palsy
direct socket technique: manufacture of a prosthetic socket directly on the amputee's limb
directive: formal guidance, instructions, or orders issued by an organization
disability: umbrella term for impairments, activity limitations and participation restrictions
disabled person: person with a disability, handicap, see: disability
disarticulation: amputation directly through a joint
disc: flat circular plate; sometimes short for intervertebral disc
disease: impairment of health or physiological functioning together with disorders, injuries forming health conditions
dislocation: total displacement of the joint surfaces relativeto each other
distal: furthest away from the trunk; away from the trunk
DITI, Digital Infrared Thermal Imaging: imaging technique for measuring and displaying body temperature in various body segments. Thermography may be used to track the skin temperature (blood supply of the skin).
doff: take off
doffing a prosthesis: taking off a prosthesis
dominant: leading, controlling
don: put on
donning a prosthesis: putting on a prosthesis
donning aid: aid to don a prosthesis as pull sock, stockinet, parachute silk, silk tie etc.
doppler ultrasonography: ultrasound transducer/receiver:The sound wave reflected by the blood flow pulse wave allows qualitative evaluation of blood flow through the artery.
dorsal: pertaining to the dorsum = back, posteriorly located
dorsiflexion: movement of the foot towards the shin (at the ankle joint);extension
double blind study: method of medical investigation in which neither the subject nor the investigator knows what treatment, if any, the subject is receiving. Improves objectivity of the result.
draft: first drawing of a new idea, sketch or design with a preliminary character
drainage: system designed to remove liquids from a structure
drawer effect: anterior-posterior instability of the knee caused by slack cruciates
dressing: wound covering
drill bit: spiraled cutting tool to drill holes with
drill, to (verb): to machine a hole
dry gangrene: dry black devitalized tissue
DS(L)T: Direct Socket (Lamination) Technique
Duchenne's disease: disease causing severe progressive muscular deterioration
Duchenne's sign: trunk bends lateral toward stance leg during stance phase
Dupuytren?s contracture: thickening and fibrosis of the palmar fascia leading to flexion contracture of fingers
durometer: indicator for hardness, stiffness
duroplastic resin: synthetic resin, not thermoplastic after initial curing
dynamic alignment: process whereby the alignment of the prosthesis or orthosis optimized by using observations of the movement pattern of the patient
dynamic alignment heel wedge: heel bumper in prosthetic foot determining heel stiffness
dynamics: science of forces on bodies (with and without motion) including kinetics, kinematics and statics, collectively
dystrophy: pathologic loss of muscle mass
dysvascular: pertaining to decreased blood flow

E

EC: European Community
eczema: inflammatory condition of the skin
ED: Elbow Disarticulation - amputation of the upper limb at the elbow joint
edema, oedema: swelling, extracellular collection of fluids in the soft tissue
effective: producing or capable of producing an intended result
efficient: being effective without wasting significant time or effort or expense
elastic: property of a material that deforms under load and completely recovers its shape after removal of the load
elastic anklet: type of fabric ankle-foot orthosis
elastic bandage: stretchable, expandable bandage for joint support
elastic knee sleeve: knee supporting soft orthosis, tt-prosthetic suspension
elbow: hinge joint between the forearm and upper arm
elbow disarticulation: amputation of the upper limb at the elbow joint
elbow units: prosthetic functional component designed to substitute for some of the functions of the normal elbow joint by means of controlled motions
elderly amputee: geriatric amputee
electric: pertaining to electricity
electrical stimulation: neuromuscular stimulation by electric impulses
electricity: physical phenomenon associated with moving electrons
electromyography: recording of electrical activity of a muscle
elevate: raise to a higher position
elevation: elevated (higher) position
embedding: enclosing, encapsulating, (German: socket retainer function)
embossing: manual shaping of sheet metal by special hammer
EMG: electromyography, the recording of electrical activity of a muscle
end cushion: pad-like construction, used in prosthetic sockets to improve end-contact and end-bearing of stumps
end pad: distal contact padding in prosthetic socket
endo-skeletal: type of prosthetic construction where the structural components are normally covered by cosmetic components
endoskeletal prosthesis: prosthesis in which the structural components are covered by cosmetic components
energy: source for work
energy consumption: use of energy in physical activities
energy efficiency: rate for efficiency or ratio between output energy and input energy
energy expenditure: amount of energy consumed in physical activities
energy return: quantity of energy stored by a material deformed under load, which is released when it returns to its initial shape
energy return - sample: energy returning prosthetic foot
EO: elbow orthosis - orthosis that encompasses the elbow joint
epicondylitis: inflammation of the origin of a ligament(s) or tendon at the epicondyle (e.g. tennis elbow)
epidermis: outer layer of the skin
epiphysis: distal/proximal ends of a bone separated during childhood from the shaft of the bone by growth cartilage or physis
equilibrium: condition in which the sums of the forces and moments acting upon a body are equal to zero
equinovalgus foot deformity: congenital or acquired foot deformity presenting with valgus and plantar flexion
equinovarus foot deformity: congenital or acquired foot deformity presenting with varus and plantar flexion
Ertl's bony bridge: surgical bone fusion between tibia and fibula using osteomyoplasty
eschar: hard thick scab covering a wound
et al.: latin for "and others"
etiology, aetiology: causes or origin of a disease
evaluation: to form an opinion of the amount, value or quality of something after analysis of collected information
eversion: rotation of the foot about an antero-posterior axis away from the midline
evidence: the proof of?
EWHO: orthosis that encompasses the elbow and the wrist joints and the hand
examination: physical investigation and evaluation of functional health condition of an individual
exo-skeletal: type of prosthetic construction in which the structural components are located peripherally and also constitute the shape of the prosthesis
extension: stretching or straightening a flexed limb stretching, straightening, making longer
extension assist: strap, spring, or other means assisting joint extension
extension moment: force (torque) causing extension (straightening) of joints
extension stop: bumper or other means of extension limitation
extensor: muscle causing extension
external: pertaining to the outside (opposite: internal)
external (side) joints: external side joints (of prostheses) are designed to constrain unwanted motion of the human joint(s):they include hip, knee and ankle joints
external fixation: outside orthotic fixation (of a fracture or a surgical result)
extremity: upper limb: that part of the body comprising the hand, the forearm, the upper arm, the shoulder girdle and the intermediate joints.
exudate: sum of all liquidized material that accumulates in a wound during infection

F

fabric corset: textile orthosis for the abdomen or trunk
fabricate: make or produce a product from various different materials or components
fabrication: the procedure of mechanically creating a device
fascia: sheet or band of fibrous tissue that covers, supports, and separates all muscles and muscle groups
fatality: resulting in death
fatigue (muscles): decreased muscle efficiency with activity
fatigue (tech.): reduction in strength of a material caused by repeated loading
Federal Trade Association: German professional trade association
feedback: return of information
felt: material made up from compressed, interwoven hair or fiber
female: the woman species in a creature (opposite: male)
femoral channel: dorso-lateral convex channel in a transfemoral prosthetic socket
femoral condyle: bulbous distal prominence of the femur (medial or lateral)
femur: bone that extends from the pelvis to the knee
FES: functional electrical stimulation
fetus, foetus: unborn offspring
fibre glass, fiber glass: glass fibre reinforcedcomposite
fibrin: protein that forms the fibrous network in coagulated blood
fibula: outer and smaller of the two bones that extend from the knee to the ankle
fibular head: the proximal end of the fibula
filament: a delicate fiber or thread
filler: cosmetic component of prostheses
FIM, Functional Independence Measurement: Functional Independence Measurement, a tool for rehabilitation outcome measurement
final level amputation: amputation at the last level on which healing has occurred
finishing: manufacturing processes performed after dynamic alignment in order to produce the prosthesis or orthosis in its final state
finishing (the edges): providing a smooth trim line or brim
fit (P&O): appropriate size and shape, for optimal comfort and function
fitting (P&O): the process of achieving a fit
fixed flexion contracture: joint flexion position that cannot be altered passively
flab, flabby: soft fatty body tissue hanging loosely
flaccid paralysis: non-spastic (atonic) loss of voluntary muscle activity
flap (amputation surgery): soft tissue stump closure
flare: bony surface whose shape opens outwards (as the tibial flare)
flat: without surface irregularities
flatfoot: foot deformity with a reduced height of longitudinal arch; pes planus
flexion: bending a joint (opposite of extension)
flexion assist (P&O): mechanism assisting (joint) flexion
flexion contracture: loss of full extension of a joint with some remaining active joint flexion
flexion moment: mechanical effect causing bending of a joint
flexor: muscle creating a flexion moment
floor reaction orthosis: orthosis utilizing ground reaction forces to assist knee extension stability
FO (foot orthosis or finger orthosis): orthosis that encompasses the whole or part of the foot;orthosis that encompasses the whole or part of a finger
foam: cellular resin (polyurethane foam hard or soft)
foam cover: cosmetic component of a prosthesis that provides the required shape of the prosthesis and in some instances simulates the feel of soft tissue
foaming: process of creating a foam connection between prosthetic components
foetus, fetus: unborn offspring
folliculitis: inflammation or infection of hair follicles
follow-up: monitoring of results or consequences of an intervention
foot: that part of the lower limb distal to the ankle joint (functionally developed for floor-contact and force and motion transfer in locomotion)
foot cradle: anatomically adapted plantar foot support
foot flat: the instant at which full foot contact with the ground occurs (coincides with the end of loading response subphase of the gait cycle)
foot slap: uncontrolled plantar flexion of the foot during loading response
force: that which tends to cause a change in the state of motion of a body (acceleration or deceleration): results in stress and strain in that body
forearm: upper limb between the elbow joint and wrist joint
forequarter amputation: amputation of the upper limb at the scapula-thoracic and the sternoclavicular joints.
forge, the: workshop where metal is reshaped by heating, hammering, and/or pressing
forge, to: reshaping metal by heating, hammering, and/or pressing
four prong adapter: Socket adapter for long residual limbs
fracture: break in a bone
fragilitas osseum: disorder characterized by brittle, osteoporotic, easily fractured bones
frame: rigid structure; basis for attachments
framed socket: flexible socket supported by a rigid outer structure
free flap: soft tissue transferred from its original location to cover a distant defect
freehand drawing: manually produced sketch or design
frequency: the number of occurrences or cycles within a given time period
friction: force resisting sliding motion
frontal plane: anatomical reference plane; as seen from the front: perpendicular to sagittal and transverse planes
fulcrum: a point or support on which a lever pivots
functional amputation level: amputation level at which the patient is best able to perform activities of daily living
functional component(s) (of prostheses): components of prostheses that substitute for some of the dynamic and sensory attributes of the limb
functional level: degree of function a person achieves
functional level 0: USA and Germany: Amputee not foreseen for prosthetic management
functional level 1: USA and Germany: Amputee - indoor ambulator
functional level 1 prosthesis: prosthesis satisfying minimal basic needs of ambulation and ambulatory safety only
functional level 2: USA and Germany: Amputee -indoor and limited outdoor ambulator
functional level 3: USA and Germany: Amputee -unlimited outdoor ambulator - averagely active
functional level 3 TF-prosthesis: prosthesis satisfying most needs of mobility of the healthy, averagely active amputee
functional level 3-4 TT-prosthesis: prosthesis satisfying most needs of mobility of the healthy, higher active amputee
functional level 4: USA and Germany: Amputee -unlimited outdoor ambulator - highly active
functional needs: activities that an individual requires to perform to support their personal lifestyle
functional recovery: total or partial improvement of function
fundamental: of basic importance

G

gait: movement achieved using human limbs (walk, run, etc.)
gait analysis: measurement and interpretation of a walking pattern
gait deviation: departure from the normal walking patterns
gait pattern: walking characteristics
gait trainer: person providing education/instruction to an individual to improve their walking pattern
gait training: education/instruction to improve the walking pattern
galvanization: surface protection of a metal using an electrolytic process to apply a layer of another metal
gangrene: death of tissue due to loss of blood supply
gastrocnemeus: calf muscle acting across theknee and ankle joints
gauge: measuring instrument (measures width / thickness)
gear train joint: joint components, obligatorily interacting with each other trough geared connection
gel: non-compressible liquid material characterised by its negligible shear module
gender: sex; male or female
genu: latin for knee joint
genu recurvatum: hyper-extended knee joint (frequently seen in poliomyelitis)
genu varum: deformity in which the knees are abnormally separated; "bow legs"
genua valgum: deformity in which the knees ar abnormally close together; "knock knees"
geometric locking: locking systematic of polycentric knee joints
geometrical stance control: locking systematic for the provision of stance stability
geriatric: pertaining to old age
geriatric amputee: elderly amputee
geriatrician: specialist taking care of old aged individuals
gibbus: curve in the spine causing a bump or hump on the back
girth: circumferential measurement of a body segment
glue: adhesive material
goniometer: device used to measure joint angles
graft, autologous: tissue (usually skin) taken from one area of the body to cover a defect in another area
granulation: formation of a grain-like surface on wounds consisting of capillaries
grease: lubricant substance
grid: surface modification by abrasion
grind, to: particle size indication in abrasive materials
Gritti-Stokes amputation: amputation through the femoral condyles with placement of the patella over the cut ends of the condyles
ground reaction force: reaction by the ground to the force exerted by the foot at any time during the stance phase
guillotine amputation: transverse amputation of the limb through all tissues at the same level

H

haemo.., haema...: pertaining to the blood
hallux, halluces: great toe
halo brace: craniocervical orthosis with a ring (halo) attached to the skull with screws
hamstrings: tendons bordering the popliteat fossa laterally and medially
hand: that part of the upper limb distal to the wrist joint
hand splint: orthosis that encompasses whole or part of the hand
handicap: disadvantages experienced by the individual as a result of impairment and physical disabilities (WHO definition) insert more definition
hard and soft foaming: technique of using hard and soft PU-foams in combination
hard foam connector: foam connection between prosthetic components
HD: amputation of the lower limb at the hip joint
hd - heavy duty: designed to withstand above average normal loading conditions
HD-socket: pelvic socket of the hip disarticulation prosthesis
HDPE: High Density Polyethylene
head: that part of the body above the neck including the cranium and the face
heavy metal: group of metals with a specific gravity more than 5.0 Kg/M cubed (including lead and mercury)
heel clamp prosthesis: partial foot prosthesis, suspension by a posterior "clamp"
heel cup: foot orthosis, e.g.. Berkeley cup, Helfet cup
heel off / heel rise: instant when the heel leaves the ground at the end of mid-stance subphase of the gait cycle
heel spur: abnormal bony protrusion of the lower surface of the calcaneus
heel strike: instant when the foot makes contact with the ground
heel wedge: shoe adaptation designed to compensate for limb length abnormality/discrepancy
Helfet?s heel cup: foot orthosis, similar Berkeley cup
hematoma, haematoma: localized collection of blood in an organ, space or tissue
hemicorporectomy: amputation through the lumbar spine
hemipelvectomy: amputation of the whole lower limb together with all or part of the hemipelvis
hemiplegia: paralysis of one half side of the body
hemoglobin, haemoglobin: iron-protein component in the red blood cells that carries oxygen to body tissues
hemovac wound drain: a tubular postoperative suction wound drainage system
heredetary: genetically transmitted from parent to offspring
hernia: protrusion of body part through a defect or opening
hindfoot: posterior part of the foot (calcaneus and talus)
hindquarter amputation: amputation of the whole lower limb together with all or part of the hemipelvis
hinge: single axis joint
hip dysplasia: insufficient development of the acetabulum leading to subluxation or dislocation of the head of the femur
hip hiking: exaggerated upward movement (lifting) of the pelvis during the swing phase of gait
hip joint, articulatio coxae: ball and socket joint between the head of the femur and the acetabulum in the os coxae
hip positioning orthoses: hip orthosis designed to control the functional alignment of the hip joint
hip socket: concave component of the hip joint
hip spica: cast or wrap applied to pelvis and leg
hip unit: prosthetic hip units designed to substitute for some of the functions of the normal hip joint by controlling motion
hip-knee orthosis (HKO): orthosis that encompasses the hip and knee joints
HKAFO: Hip-Knee-Ankle-Foot Orthosis: orthosis that encompasses thehip,knee andankle joints and the foot
HO: Hand Orthosis: orthosis that encompasses whole or part of the hand; Hip Orthosis: orthosis that encompasses the hip joint
hobby-handicraft: hobbyists work also meaning: non-professional result
home equipment (in rehab): assistive products designed for the patient's domestic use
hook and eyelet closure: fastenings offabric corsets
hook and pile closure: closure material with interlocking surfaces
hook and pile, Velcro: self-adhesive strap material
hop, to: jumping on one leg as a mode of forward progression
horizontal plane: anatomical reference plane as seen from above; perpendicularto the sagittal and frontal planes
humeral additional flexion unit: prosthetic humeral additional flexion units are designed to improve the effective range of elbow flexion of the prostheses
humeral rotation unit: prosthetic humeral rotation units are designed to compensate for any restriction of the normal range of internal /external rotation of the shoulder joint
humerus: bone between the shoulder and elbow joints
hybrid: composed of elements of different origin
hydraulic joint control: method of controlling prosthetic joint motion using a hydraulic mechanism
hydrocolloid: a substance that forms a gel with water; occlusive hydrocolloid dressings keep the wound covered and moist
hydrocolloid dressing: substance that forms a gel with water; used as a dressing that keeps the wound moist
hygiene: science and practice of the preservation of health, especially cleanliness.
hyper-reflexia: exaggerated reflexes
hyper?: prefix: more than the norm
hyperextension: extended beyond the normal
hyperextension orthosis: spinal orthosis designed to increase extension ot the thoracic spine
hyperplasia: abnormal multiplication or increase in the number of normal cells in a tissue
hypertonia: excessive tone of skeletal muscle: increased resistance to passive stretching
hypertonicity: increased muscle tone or muscle tension
hypertrophy: overgrowth of an organ due to enlargement of its cells
hypo?: prefix: less than the norm
hypoplasia: biological structure significantly diminished in size; pertaining to a bone that is present significantly diminished in size, but not severely changed in shape
hypothesis: an assumption not proved by experiment or observation that is made for the sake of testing its soundness
hypotonia: diminished tone of skeletal muscle; diminished resistance to passive stretching
hypotonicity: loss of muscle tone (or tension)

I

IC: Ischial Containment
IC-socket: ischial containment socket
ICEROSS?: Silicone roll on liner of the Ossur corporation (inventor)
ICEX? pads: convex force transfer area for correction or retention
ICRC: International Committee of the Red Cross
idiopathic scoliosis: adolescent scoliosis ofunknown cause
iliac crests: proximal bony prominences of the iliac bones
ilium, os ilium: superior portion of the pelvis
imaging: techniques producing images from physical body segments or physical conditions (as x-ray, CT, ultrasound, infrared thermography etc)
immediate and early fitting: postoperative or early (within 1 week) provision of a prosthesis
immobilization: to prevent motion of a joint or segment
impaired: partial or complete loss of function
impairment: condition of being diminished in strength, quality, or utility; also: mentally or physically unfit
implant: device, material or tissue placed in the body
in situ: Latin: in its natural place
in vitro: in an artificial environment (opposite of in vivo)
in vivo: within the living organism(opposite in vitro)
incidence: the number of new cases of a condition occurring over a given period of time
independence: free from control or influence of others; in rehabilitation a "quality of life parameter"
infantile paralysis: poliomyelitis
infarction: area of tissue necrosis due to local ischaemia
infect: condition of contamination with pathogens or microorganisms
infected: potential condition after contamination with pathogens or microorganisms
infection: reaction to colonization with pathogenic bacteria; indicators: redness, swelling, pain
inflammation: localized protective response to infection or injurycharacterized by pain, swelling, redness and heat and limited function
infra?.: Latin,under or below
inguinal hernia: protrusion of intra-abdominal organ through the inguinal canal
inguinal truss: orthosis for inguinal hernia
initial swing: subphase of the gait cycle that starts when the foot leaves the ground and ends when the leg achieves maximum knee flexion
injury: trauma to a body part by an external force
inpatient: person who has been admitted to hospital or treatment center and stays overnight
insensate: lacking sensation
insole: type of foot orthosis
insoluble: does not dissolve in liquid
instability: tendency of a skeletal joint whose integrity is impaired to change to an abnormal alignment when subjected tomuscle forces and/or external loading
instruction: transfer of information, knowledge and/or skill
instruction for user (IFU): printed user instruction
insufficiency: condition of being inadequate
integration: bringing together a number of parts to form a whole; in rehabilitation the act of bringing a disabled person into society
inter?: between
interface: contact surface between a body segment and an O&P device
interface components (of orthoses): orthosis interface components in direct contact with the user that transmit forces between the orthosis and the user and may retain the orthosis in place (shells, pads, straps, foot orthoses and shoes)
interface components (of prostheses): interface components of prostheses are in direct contact with the wearer: they are the means of achieving support, stabilization and suspension: they include the socket and suspensory components
interim prosthesis: temporary prosthesis intended to prepare the user for the supply of a definitive prosthesis
interosseus: between bones (e.g., interosseous membrane or ligament)
interphalangeal: between the phalanges of a digit (i.e., finger or toe)
intervertebral disc: fibrocartilaginous structure situated between two contiguous vertebrae
intestines: tubular digestive organs located in the abdomen
intra: within
invasive: in which a bodily orifice or the skin is penetrated
inversion (foot): rotation of the foot about an antero-posterior axis towards the midline
IPOP: Immediate Post Operative Prosthesis
ipsilateral: pertaining to the same side: opposite of contralateral
IRC: Ischio-Ramal Containment: type of transfemoral socket
irreducible deformity; fixed deformity: deformity for which the application of an external force system has no effect on the abnormal alignment of a skeletal segment or joint
ischaemia, ischemia: lack of blood supply to tissue
ischemic pain: pain due to lack of blood supply to tissues (claudication)
ischial: pertaining to the ischium
ischial containment (socket): IC: type of transfemoral socket
ischial ramus: inferior part ofischium
ischial seat / shelf / support: weight bearing area of a trans-femoral socket, located under the ischial tuberosity
ischial shelf: horizontal support at the dorso-proximal aspect of a tf-socket
ischial support brim: proximal weight bearing design in a TF-prosthesis or orthosis
ischial support socket: type of trans-femoral socket with weight bearing area located under the ischial tuberosity
ischial tuberosity: inferior prominence of the ischium
ischial weight bearing: weight transfer at the ischium (in a prosthetic socket)
ischial weight bearing socket: Quadrilateral socket design in variations
ischium: distal part of the pelvis
ISNY: Icelandic Swedish New York prosthetic socket design
ISO: International Organization for Standardization
iso?.: prefix; equal
isokinetic: with equal momentum
isometric: with equal length
isotonic: with equal tension
ISPO: International Society for Prosthetics and Orthotics

J

Jaipur foot: prosthetic foot designed and manufactured in Jaipur/India
jig (P&O): alignment transfer tool
joint: junction between two or more bones

K

KAFO: Knee-Ankle-Foot-Orthosis: orthosis that encompasses the knee and ankle joints and the foot
KD: amputation of the lower limb at the knee joint
KD-socket: socket for knee disarticulation prosthesis
keel: stiff inner component of prosthetic feet
keloid orthosis: compressive garment for treatment of burn scars
kinematics: study of the motion of bodies
kinetic response: the answer to kinetic impact, powerful "spring-like" impact response of O&P components
kinetic rotator: prosthetic functional component designed to allow transverse plane rotation thus reducing the torque transmitted to the stump
kinetics: study of the forces that produce or change themotion of bodies
knee disarticulation: amputation of the lower limb at the knee joint
knee joint: joint between the femur and the tibia, including the joint between thefemur and the patella
knee orthosis (KO): orthosis that encompasses the knee joint
knee sleeve: prosthetic suspensory component used with trans-tibial prosthesis
knee units: prosthetic knee units are designed to substitute for some of the functions of the normal knee by means of controlled motions
knee-ankle-foot-orthosis (KAFO): orthosis that encompasses the knee and ankle joints and the foot
Knight-Taylor brace: types of lumbo sacral orthosis
knit, to: process of making a textile fabric
knock knee: deformity in which the knees are abnormally close together; genu valgum
kyphosis: abnormally increased convexity of the spine

L

lace: cord for closing shoes, braces etc.
lacer: corset with a lace and hook or eye closure
laminate: composite formed from layers offibrous material embedded in a matrix of cured resin
landmark: a readily recognisable anatomical structure used as a point of reference
laser: "light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation"; source of light emitting a high-energy beam of light
laser goniometer: device for measuringjoint angles (goniometer) that uses a laser plumb line
laser level: device projecting horizontal laser lines as alignment reference guide
laser plumb: device projecting vertical laser lines as alignment reference guide
laser scanning: method of obtaining surface contours using laser light
lateral: away from the center
lathe: machine that shapes objects by holding and turning them against a fixed cutting tool
law: system of rules
leather: cured animal hide
leg length discrepancy: difference in the length of the lower limbs
leg-length compensation: orthotic compensation for a difference in lower limb length
Legg Calve Perthes: aseptic necrosis of the femoral head in children
leprosy: chronic infectious disease causedby Mycobacterium leprae (Hansen disease)
leukocytes: white blood cells
level: flat: horizontal
levels of technology: categorization of technology from "low" to "sophisticated"
lever arm: perpendicular distance between the line ofapplication of a force and its fulcrum
ligament: band of fibrous tissue connecting bones
light metal: metals with low atomic weight (typically lower than nickel)
light weight component: component designed with an emphasis on light weight
limb: arms or legs, extremities
limb salvage rate: the percentage of endangered limbs saved by surgery
liner: protective, often padded cover layer of a prosthesis, potentially also providing adhesive or low friction capabilities: designed to be used with a socket
liner - silicone, gel: conical padding and suspension device in prosthetics, often with distal locking system
link, linkage: movable bar connecting two parts of a structure
Lisfranc-amputation: partial foot amputation: disarticulation at the tarso-metatarsal joint
load bearing capacity (prosthetics): ability of a residual limb (stump) to accept and transfer loads
loading response (O&P): reaction of a component to (sudden) loading
lock: control mechanism of a prosthetic or orthotic functional component that fixes the component at a particular angle; activation of the mechanism may be manual or automatic
lock & shuttle: (mechanically activated/deactivated) system locking/suspending a liner inside a socket
locomotion: self-propelled movement ; e.g. walking or running
locomotion system: system of bones, joints, muscles serving locomotion
longitudinal: in lengthwise direction
longitudinal deficiency: aberration of the formation of parts of the long axis of the limb so that some bones may be partially or totally absent , while others situated more distally are present
longitudinally split: parted in longitudinal direction (e.g. prosthetic foot)
loose knee joint, m-l-instability: instability caused by lack of ligament control or joint wear
lordosis: anterior curvature of lumbar and cervical spine
low level technology: simplest and "lowest" solution to a given technical problem
lower arm: forearm, arm below the elbow joint
lower back: lumbo-sacral area of the back
lower extremity orthoses: orthosis applied to whole or part of the lower limb
lower leg: shank, leg below the knee joint
lower limb prosthesis: prosthesis used to replace whole or part of the lower limb
LSO: Lumbo-Sacral Orthosis: orthosis that encompasses the whole or part of the lumbar and sacro-iliac regions of the trunk
lubricant: grease-like agents reducing friction
lubricant: agent used to reduce friction
lumbar region: central part of the trunk, between the ribs and the pelvis, associated with the five lumbar vertebrae
lumbo-sacral orthosis (LSO): spinal orthosis encompassing the lumbar and sacral regions of the trunk
lymphatic system: network of small vessels, valves, nodes and organs, that convey intercellular fluid back to the venous system: helps to protect and maintain the body's fluid environment by producing, filtering and conveying lymphatic fluid (lymph)
lymphatic tissue: tissue making up the lymphatic system

M

m-l (measurement): measurement perpendicular to the long axis of a segment(s) in the coronal plane
m-l instability: instability in the coronal plane
machining: shaping a material by machine
magnet: metal device having the property to attract or repel iron or other magnetic material
magnetic: having the properties of a magnet
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI): imaging technique using radio frequency within a magnetic field
magnetism: having the property of attracting or repelling iron or other magnetic material
magneto-rheologic: referring to a fluid containing particles withmagneticproperties
magneto-rheologic knee joint: prosthetic knee joint with a hydraulic control system whose properties are changed by the application of a magnetic field.
maimed: damaged in form or function by trauma
maintenance: taking regular care of an object
major amputation: amputation through the ankle or higher
male: the ?man? species in a creature (opposite: female)
malformation: deformity resulting from defective fetal development
malignant: tending to get progressively worse and to result in death
manual (adj.): in relation to the hand
manual, the (noun): printed matter regarding technical products; Book, telling how to install, do or operate, repair or maintain a product or system
marking punch: steel marking tool with a conical tip
mass: the quantity of matter of an object
mastectomy: surgical removal of female breast
maturation: process of mental, physical, or emotional development; in prosthetics: the process whereby the shape and condition of the tissues of the stump become stable.
mature: having gone through the process of maturation
MAUCH? joint: prosthetic hydraulic knee joint
MDD (Medical Device Directive): EC regulation regarding medical products
measure, the (noun): any maneuver made as part of progress toward a goal
measure, to (verb): to determine the extent, size or quantity
measurement: extent, size , or quantityascertained by measuring
measuring: method of identifying important design criteria in O&P
measuring tool: tools to take measurements of objects with
mechanical stress: result of the application of a mechanical force to an object
mechanics: science dealing with the motion of bodies; divided into statics and dynamics
mechanics (bio-): the application of mechanics to the body
medial: toward the mid-line
medical: pertaining to the science of medicine
Medical Device Directive (MDD): EC-regulation regarding medical products
medical hosiery: medical compression stockings (phlebology)
medical staff: employees of the medical care professions
memory: a recollection; ability to remember
meningomyelocele: congenital herniation of the meninges and neurological structures
metabolic: pertaining to metabolism
metabolism: process whereby energy is made available for the use of tissues
metacarpals: long bones between the wrist and the fingers
metal band: the m-l connection between orthotic side bars (calf band etc.)
metatarsal: long bones between the tarsal bones and the toes
methodology: set of procedures and techniques used to perform a particular activity
microcellular: pertaining to the content of cells
mid level technology: appropriate and economic solution to a technical problem
mid stance: subphase of the stance phase of the gait cyclethat starts when the contralateral limb begins swing phase and ends when the heel leaves the ground
mid swing: subphase of the swing phase of the gait cycle that starts when the knee joint begins to extend and ends when the hip joint reaches maximum flexion; middle of the swing phase of human gait
mill: machine tool for shaping of material by chipping/cutting action
milling: shaping material by chipping/cutting action
MILWAUKEE brace: type of a spinal orthosis for scoliosis treatment
MINERVA brace: cervico-cranial orthosis
minor amputation: amputation below the ankle level (Enneroth et al 1996)
mobility: the ability to change body position or location
mobility aid: device enabling or assisting mobility
mobilization: the process of making a joint or a person mobile
model: three-dimensional shape: used as a basis for design of sockets, shells, cuffs, corsets etc.
model modification: process of changing a model from its anatomical shape to a functional biomechanical shape; also called model rectification
model rectification: process of changing a model from its anatomical shape to a functional biomechanical shape; also called model modification
modification: process of modifying the positive model obtained by filling a negative cast in order to obtain a shape that specifies the whole or part ofthe form of the final prosthesis or orthosis
modular (adj); module (n): composed of several parts (modules) that are designed to be joined together
Modular III ?: carbonfibre energy storing/returning prosthetic foot allowing also for in/eversion
modular prosthesis: prosthesis assembled from modular components
module / modular: piece out of a group of interchangeable, compatible objects
mold (or mould), the (noun): a negative impression of a shape used to produce a model; the process of producing a negative impression of a shape
mold, to (verb): to shape an object
moment (of torque): rotational effect of a force: calculated as the product of the magnitude of the force and its lever arm
mono?: prefix: single
monocentric: in which the axis of rotation is constant
monocentric joint: joint whose axis of rotation remains constant for all positions
monofilament: thread with one strand
morbidity: diseased condition or state:incidence or prevalence of a disease
mortality: the number of deaths in a given time
motion: movement, activity leading to a positional change
motion control: process of controlling the positionof a joint(s)
motivation: factors that activate behaviour towards satisfying needs or achieving goals
motor nerve: nerve transmittingimpulses tomuscle
motor-propelled: operated by (external) motor power
moulding leather, molding leather: leather, molded while wet, keeping shape after drying
MPT: mid (of) patella tendon
MRI: Magnetic Resonance Imaging: imaging technique using radio frequency within a magnetic field
MRT: application of MRI to produce multiple sequential images
MTP: medial tibial plateau
multi-axial: joint (or component) allowing motion in more than one plane
multi-flexible: flexible in various directions
multidisciplinary: tasks/activities involving more than one area of knowledge and/or experience
multiple sclerosis: central neurological disease affecting muscle control
muscle: contractile organ responsible for creating motion around the joints
muscular dystrophy: hereditary diseases resulting in progressive wasting of muscle (e.g. Duchenne, facio-scapular)
musculo-skeletal system: system of associated muscles and bones
mutilation: destruction of body tissues by trauma
myelomeningocele: congenital herniation of the meninges and neurological structures
myo-electricity: electric phenomenon in muscles (serving to contract muscle cells)
myo?: pertaining to a muscle
myocardial infarction: death of part of the heart muscle caused by an obstruction of a coronary artery
myocardium: heart muscle
myoelectric: pertaining to the electrical activity resulting frommuscle activity
myoelectric impulse: neural electric impulse stimulating muscle contraction
myography (EMG): diagnostic method recording electrical muscle impulses
myoplasty (n); myoplastic (adj): surgical attachment of muscle groups to one another in amputation

N

neck:cervical region: that part of the body that lies between the head and the trunk and includes the seven cervical vertebrae
necrosis: death of tissue
necrotic: being in the state of necrosis
needle: pointed sewing instrument, opposite end having a hole or eye for the sewing thread
negative cast: a negative impression of a shape used to produce a model
negative pressure: pressure lowerthan the surrounding pressure; (incorrectly referred to as vacuum)
neonatal: new born child (under 1 month of age)
nerve: biological structure for electric impulse transfer
nervous system: the system of brain, spinal cord and peripheral nerves
neuro-muscular: pertaining to the innervation of muscles
neurologic: pertaining to nervous system
neurology: medical science specializing in the nervous system
neuroma: benign swelling of a nerve; in amputation, at the cut end of a nerve
neuropathic arthropathy: almost painless destruction of joints and soft tissues resulting from sensory neuropathy; most common in foot (Charcot foot)
neuropathy: pathological disorder of the peripheral nervous system; characteristic of diabetes mellitus and leprosy
new amputation: amputation of a limb upon which a previous amputation has been performed and healed (Larsson 1994)
night splint: orthosis used at night
non-contact measuring: measuring without touching the object measured
nonferrous metal: metals not containing iron
noninvasive: without penetrating the skin or a body orifice
nontraumatic: not resulting from or causing trauma
normal force: force acting perpendicular to a surface
nurse: professional taking care of patients in a hospital ward or in a community setting
nylon: plastic material

O

O & P: orthotics and prosthetics
occlusive arterial disease: disease causing obstruction of the arteries e.g. atherosclerosis
occlusive moist dressing: dressing that keeps a wound in a moist environment
occupation: activity performed to earn money
occupational therapist: therapist re-training patients under vocational aspects
occupational therapy: a therapeutic professional providing skills and techniques needed to perform activities of daily living
occupational therapy: therapy directed at restoring function using vocational and daily living tasks
oedema, edema: swelling; accumulation of fluids in the soft tissues
one-stage amputation: amputation done in one phase (final level, alternative: two-stage amputation)
open end socket: prosthetic socket with an open distal end
opponens position: grip between the thumb and a finger
ortho-prosthesis: hybrid between an orthosis and a prosthesis
orthopaedic (orthopedic) surgery: surgery specializing in the musculoskeletal system
orthopaedics: specialization in medicine dealing with locomotor system
orthosis, (orthoses): externally applied device used to modify the structural and functional characteristics of the neuro muscular and skeletal systemsexternally applied device used to compensate for impairments of the neuromuscular and skeletal systems
orthotic (adj.): pertaining to orthoses
orthotic band: (orthotic) interface component: a stiff narrow shell
orthotic components: components used in the construction of external orthoses. They include interface, articulating, structural and cosmetic components
orthotics: science and art involved in treating patients by the use of orthoses
orthotist: person, who having completed an approved course of education and training, is authorized by an appropriate national authority to design, measure and fit orthoses
osteo-myoplastic: surgical creation of a bone bridge with muscle attachmentin trans-tibial amputation
osteo?.: pertaining to bone
osteoarthritis: degenerative joint disease causing inflammation, swelling, pain and limitation of motion
osteoarthrosis: condition caused by wear that causes inflammation of the joint, swelling, pain, and limitation of free motion
osteochondritis: focal disease of the articular cartilage
osteochondrosis: degeneration of cartilage and bone
osteogenesis imperfecta: hereditary disease causing extreme brittleness of bones
osteomyelitis: infection ofbone and bone marrow
osteoplasty: restoration, repair, plastic surgery of bones
osteosclerosis: increased density of part or all of a bone
osteotomy: surgical cutting of bones
outcome: the result of a disorder or of its treatment
outpatient: patient who is being treated by but not admitted to hospital or treatment center
outpatient clinic: facility treating outpatients; clinic for patients not being admitted to stay
oximetry: measurement of blood oxygen saturation
oxygen: chemical element, part of the air we breathe
oxygen consumption: measurement of the use of oxygenin a person

P

pad: orthotic interface component that applies a localized force perpendicular to the surface of a body segment or at a joint and may require straps
pad, the (noun): upholstered device, providing a soft surface; also convex shape
pad, to (verb): reduce interface pressure using a soft compressible material
paediatrics (pediatrics): medical specialty dealing with children
pain: unpleasant sensation following stimulation of specialized nerve endings
palpation: examination by touching with the hand
palsy: paralysis of a muscle or group of muscles
PAM, patient activity monitor: electronic device collecting a stride parameters during walking
parallel bars: stationary bars for initial gait training of the amputee or otherwise gait disabled individual
paralysis: loss of motor function
paraplegia: paralysis of the lower half of the body includingboth lower limbs
parapodium: orthotic device that maintains a paraplegic person in an erect posture and permits free standing
parchment: tough thin leather formerly used for circular reinforcement of wooden sockets
parchmentize: to apply protective cover molding around wooden sockets
paresis: partial or incomplete loss of motor function
part, partial: portion or division of a whole
partial foot amputation: amputation of the lower limb distal to the ankle joint
partial hand amputation: amputation of the upper limb distal to the wrist joint
passive motion: joint motion obtained by external means
patella: the kneecap, triangular bone in the anterior aspects of the knee joint
patellar-tendon: fibrous tissue structure between the patella and the tibial tubercle
patency: the condition of being open
patent (adj.): quality of a bodily tube or passageway: open; affording free passage
patent, the (noun): document granting an inventor sole rights to an invention
pathogen: causing disease
pathology: branch of medicine concerned with the study of diseases
patient: person needing or seeking medical advice and therapy
patient assessment: structured evaluation of a patient's condition to establish a diagnosis and to permit treatment planning
patient check-out: check of the fit, function and safety of a device prior to delivery
patient education: providing patients significant information about health pertaining matters
patient management (O&P): any O&P measure leading to rehabilitation
patient training: instructing a patient in the use of their device
Pavlik harness: textile orthosis controlling the position of the hip joints of a child with developmental dysplasia of the hips
PE semi rigid dressing: removable shell applied over a wound dressing
PE-foam: plastic foam material
PE-lite: microcellular polyethylene foam, a padding material in O&P
PE, polyethylene: thermoplastic material
pediatrics (paediatrics): medical specialty dealing with children
peg leg: lower limb prosthesis with no foot
pelvic: pertaining to the pelvis
pelvic bars: frame surrounding the pelvic crest
pelvic crest: lateral proximal bony landmarks (contours) of the pelvis
pelvic socket: prosthetic socket for hip disarticulation or pelvic amputations
pelvis: basis of the trunk, connecting element to the legs
perineum: crotch, groin
perineum trigonum femoral support brim: specific orthotic femoral weight bearing brim design (Perthes treatment)
peripheral vascular disease (PVD): disease in the peripheral blood vessels, mostly arteries
peromelia: disease in the peripheral blood vessels, mostly arteries
perspective representation: 3-dimensional technical drawing
perspex: plexi-glass
Persson amputation: surgical technique according to PERSSON: transtibial amputation building a medial and a lateral skin-muscle flap each
Perthes disease: aseptic osteonecrosis of the femoral head (Legg Calve Perthes)
pes adductus: forefoot inverted, adducted, pathological misalignment
pes planovalgus: flat foot, sunken medial arch of the foot, valgus deformity of heel
pes planus: flat foot, collapsed medial arch of the foot,
pes valgus: foot in valgus misalignment of calcaneus
phalanx / phalanges: small tubular bone(s) in fingers and toes
phantom pain: pain sensation in amputated segments of the former limb
phantom sensation: sensation in or of the amputated segment
phocomelia: congenital transversal defect of the limbs
physical therapist: therapeutic professional providing physical exercise and training for the treatment of motor disability
physician: professional with a license to practice medicine
physiology: science dealing with processes and functions of an organism
physiotherapist: therapeutic professional providing physical exercise and training for the treatment of motor disability
pig iron: not yet enhanced iron after first melting
Pirogoff amputation: hind foot amputation, capping the distal end with a segment of the calcaneus, thus providing endbearing capabilities; orthopedic surgeon (Russia)
pistoning: undesirable up-and-down motion of stump in prosthetic socket
plane (adj.): having the shape of an even surface, flat surface
plane, the (noun): even surface, flat surface
plane, to (verb): providing an even surface
plantar: directed toward the ground
plantar flexion: downward movement of the foot at the ankle
Plastazote: microcellular polyethylene foam, a padding material in O&P
plaster cast: plaster made three-dimensional duplication of a body segment
plaster impression: plaster made three-dimensional wrap duplication of a body segment
plaster of Paris (p.o.p.): calciumsulfat (CaSO4), model material in O&P
plastic coating: providing anti-corrosive surface protection for metals
plexus: network of interlacing nerves
plug fit: outdated fit of a prosthetic socket
plumb (adj.): aligned vertical
plumb line: vertical reference line
plumb line device: device representing the reference planes (a-p and m-l)
pneumatic joint control: cylinder/piston device controlling prosthetic joint motion based on pneumatics
podiatrist (USA): medical doctor specialized in foot care USA)
podiatry: medical science pertaining to the foot
point, the (noun): 1.: a dot; 2.: the sharpened end of a shaft (as point of a needle)
point, to (verb): to show, to demonstrate by "pointing"
pointed: sharpened
poker spine: ankylosing spondylitis
poliomyelitis: paralysis caused by the polio virus infecting the anterior horn cells of the spinal cord
polishing wheel: rotary buffing tool
polyarthritis: inflammatory disease of cartilage and synovium of multiple joints
polycentric/ polycentric: axis of rotation changes with the angle
polyester: chemical resin (thermo-setting material) for lamination procedures
polyethylene (PE): chemical resin (thermo-plastic material) for molding procedures
polypropylene (PP): chemical resin (thermo-plastic material) for molding procedures
polyurethane: thermo-setting material, providing foamed materials if carbon dioxide is involved in the curing
positional rotator: device to allow positional rotation of a prosthetic socket
positive mold: three-dimensional cast made of a plaster impression
post-operative: after surgery
post?: after, behind
posterior: behind, toward the back of?
postero-lateral: position including posterior and lateral aspects of location
postero-medial: position including posterior and medial aspects of location
posture: attitude, carriage or position of the body
powered ...: operated by?.
PP: polypropylene, a thermoplastic resin
PPA, Prosthetic Profile of the Amputee: Prosthetic Profile of the Amputee, a tool for prosthetic rehabilitation outcome measurement
ppam: pneumatic post amputation mobility aid
pre-amputation: before the amputation
pre-fabricated: semi-finished product, made by industrial processes
pre-loading: loading (putting load or weight on) before...
pre-operatively: before surgery
pre-preg: fibers pre-impregnated with thermosetting resin to be finally cured by heating after forming
pre-shaping: shaping before?
pre-surgical: before the surgery
pre...: before (as in prenatal = before birth)
predict: to tell in advance (before the fact)
predicted rehablitation potential: to assume a certain potential for rehabilitation to a certain degree of function; prediction based on evaluation of indicators
prediction: to tell in advance (before the fact)
prefabricated orthosis: device that has been manufactured to meet particular functional requirements and is normally available in a range
prehension: act of seizing or grasping
prescription: written order for a medical service or device
pressure: force per unit of area
pressure differential (suction) suspension: socket with a closed end that resists removal due to a pressure differential
pressure garment: medical hosiery or garment for burn treatment
pressure sore: sores caused by constant pressure against human tissue (heels, coccyx after extended bedbound periods)
pressure ulcer: sores caused by constant pressure against human tissue (heels, coccyx after extended bedbound periods)
preventable deformity: deformity where the application of an external force will prevent an unstable skeletal segment or jointmoving into an abnormal alignment
previous: before
previously amputated: pertaining to a secondary or second amputation
primary amputation: first amputation
processing: further modification of an unfinished material/product
professional organisation: association following professional aspects and interests
progressive: advancing in extent or severity as "progressive muscle dystrophy"
progressive muscle dystrophy: advancing genetic muscle disease
pronation: rotation of hand or foot in long axis facing outwards or dorsally
prone: laying face downward
proprioception: sensation of spatial position or motion of a body part
propulsion: the force that drives something forward
propulsion rims: hand rims on the drive wheel of wheel chairs
prospective study: study following the researched cases in real time (opposite to retrospective studies, which are based on filed data)
prosthesis: externally applied device used to replace wholly, or in part, an absent or deficient limb segment
prosthetic (adj.): pertaining to prostheses (adj.), NOT AN ARTIFICIAL LIMB !
prosthetic (orthotic) assessment: review of the overall condition of the patient by those involved in the treatment and the recommendation by the prosthetist (orthotist) of the components and clinical fitting procedures best suited to the circumstances of that patient
prosthetic (orthotic) casting and measurement: acquisition and recording of all information required to construct the prosthesis (orthosis) by means that may include the preparation of diagrams, tracing, measurements and negative casts of the body segments
prosthetic alignment: establishment of the position in space of the components of the prosthesis or orthosis relative to one another and to the patient
prosthetic brim: proximal part of a prosthetic socket, also a tool
prosthetic components: limb prostheses are integrated constructions comprising interface, functional, alignment, structural and cosmetic components
prosthetic design: externally applied device used to replace wholly, or in part, an absent or deficient limb segment
prosthetic device: artificial limb or other replacement of body segments
prosthetic fitting: any measure leading to desired fit of a prosthesis
prosthetic limb fitting: act of measuring, designing, trying on of an artificial limb (prosthesis)
prosthetics: science and art involved in treating patients by the use of prostheses
prosthetist: person who having completed an approved course of education and training, is authorized by an appropriate national authority to design , measure and fit prostheses
prosthetist/orthotist: person who having completed an approved course of education and training, is authorized by an appropriate national authority to design ,measure and fit prostheses and orthoses
protection: (device) measure providing protective qualities
protractor: tool for measuring and drawing the degrees in an angle; also tool for tracing circles
proximal: nearest to the trunk; towards the trunk
proximal support: principal support forces developed by the shaping of the proximal region of the socket
psyche: greek for "soul" or the "mind". In modern psychology, the psyche is taken to be an aggregate of the constituent parts that make up our "selves"
psycho?: terminological root pertaining to psyche. See psyche
psychological: adverb, pertaining to psychology
psychology: derived from two other words: psyche (meaning mind/soul) and logia (meaning study of). Psychology tries to explain why people act, think and feel the way they do.
psychosocial rehabilitation: rehabilitation of a person's psychological and social self; a holistic approach
psychosocial skills: skills pertaining to a person's psychological and social self and of integration in their personal and social surroundings
PT: Physical therapist; or patella tendon
PTB: patella tendon bearing
PTB prosthesis: prosthesis designed for weight bearing at the patella tendon
PTB-SC: see PTB; ?sc? indicates a supra-condylar suspension
PTB/SC (prosthesis): PTB-supracondylar prosthesis
PU: chemical resin, providing various foamed materials
pulse: rhythmic contraction and expansion of the arteries caused by the blood wave after heart contraction
punch marking, centre punching: setting a point-shaped mark in a piece of metal
punch, the (noun): tool used to make holes
punch, to (verb): stamping a hole into a soft material
purulent: having or making pus
pus: acute inflammatory exudate composed of blood, serum, necrotic tissue, white blood cells and bacteria; a foul-smelling, milky yellow fluid
push off / toe off: moment in time the foot leaves the ground (final moment of stance phase)
PVD (peripheral vascular disease): disease in the peripheral blood vessels, mostly arteries
pylon: tube used as inner, structural skeleton of a prosthesis
pyramid - threaded adapter male: threaded pyramid adapter for Ossur joints
pyramid connector: pyramid-shaped adapter for connection and angular adjustment

Q

QA.; quality assurance: planned and systematic actions to provide adequate evidence that a product or service will satisfy given requirements of quality
QM; quality management: formal set of activities by corporations and organizations to control, correct and assure the quality of products and services provided
quadriceps: four headed muscle in the anterior thigh
quadrilateral: relating to "four"; quad often short for "quadrilateral"
quadrilateral socket design: rectangular socket design (proximal brim cross-section)
quadriplegia: paralysis of all four extremities
quality: features and characteristics of a product or service that bear on its ability to satisfy stated or implies needs
quality of life: refers to the overall status of contentness with a combination of factors as: independence, self-care,freedom of choice, health and level of physical functioning and social integration (and more)
quenching/hardening: process of improving metal quality (harder)
quilting/stitching: process of sewing

R

radial splint: lower arm orthosis against drop hand
radiology: science and practice of diagnostic and therapeutic application of radiation
radius (anat.): one of the forearm bones
radius (tech.): 50 % of the diameter of a circle; a straight line between the centre of a circle and any point on its outer edge
raised toilet seat (aid): aid for individuals with limited hip range of motion
ramus (ischial ramus): projecting arch
random: lacking any definite plan or order or purpose; governed by or depending on chance
randomized study: research study where subjects are randomly assigned to their treatment groups; serves to improve objectivity
range of motion, R.O.M., r.o.m.: angular range of motion of a joint, as maxima between flexion/extension
rasp, the (noun): tool for manual shaping of wooden and similar materials
rasp, to (verb): shaping of wooden and similar materials with a rasp
rawhide: tough thin leather formerly used for circular reinforcement of wooden sockets
ray: metatarsal bone ,or a metacarpal bone , and its corresponding phalanges
re?: syllable indicating "a return to?"
reamputation: amputation of a limb that has undergone previous major amputation
receptacle: receiving device
reciprocal: representing opposites (right/forward = left/backward)
reciprocal ambulation: walking with continuous change between right and left leg
reciprocating gait orthosis: orthosis enabling a reciprocal gait (see above)
rectification: process of modifying the positive model, obtained by filling a negative cast, to obtain a shape that specifies the whole or part of the form of the final prosthesis or orthosis; general: correction of a mistake
reduction: deformity for which the application of an external force system will improve the alignment of an skeletal segment or joint
redundancy: presence of more than one identical item; repetition of a presentation with different words but identical content
reference line: defined guide-line used to assemble prostheses
reflex: unconsciously controlled, automatic neuromuscular action
regulation (admin.): an authoritative rule having the force of law dealing with details or procedures for implementing governmental programs
rehabilitation: enabling persons with disabilities to reach and maintain their optimal sensory, intellectual, psychiatric and/or social functional levels
rehabilitation aid: devices to support rehabilitation
reinforcement band: orthotic interface component: a stiff narrow shell that encompasses a body segment or part thereof
relief area: area (in an O&P device) transferring reduced forces
removable rigid dressing: removable wound dressing consisting of a rigid outer shell, as a plastic shell or plastic socket
renal insufficiency: reduced capacity of the kidney to perform its function
replantation: re-connecting a limb lost by trauma
residual: that, what is left over
residual limb: left over limb, stump
residual limb maturation: the postoperative process of shrinking, shaping and toughening a stump as a preparation to accept a prosthetic socket
residuum: left over limb, stump
resin: chemical liquid or plastic material
resin composite: mix of resin and reinforcement structures
resin lamination: resin/fiber mix (composite)
respiratory system: physiological system for breathing (gas exchange)
resultant force: single force that replaces the action of two or more separate forces
retainer: receiving fixation component (as frame in frame socket)
retract, to: to pull out, pull back, to cancel something
retrospect, retrospection: act of looking back, looking into the past
retroversion: backward tilt of a body part: opposite of anteversion
revascularization: opening blocked blood vessels to improve blood flow
rheology: science of liquid flow
rheumatism: imprecise term for musculoskeletal aches and pains
rheumatoid arthritis: chronic inflammatory disease of joints
rib hump: protruding rotated aspect of rib cage due to scoliosis
rigid dressing: wound dressing with a rigid outer shell
rim: outer part of a wheel to which the tire is attached
rippling: effect of getting small waves, smoothing out
rivet: connecting device, connecting segments by heading/clinching
rocker bar: localized transverse shoe sole adaptation normally used to modify loading on the foot
rocker bottom sole: arc shaped shoe sole (or sole and heel) adaptation normally usedto modify loading on the foot and assist rollover
roll over: subphase of the stance phase of gait from mid-stance to toe off
rotation moment: effect of a rotational force acting along a lever arm
rotator: prosthetic functional component designed to reduce the torque by allowing rotation in the transverse plane; component designed to allow the segment of the prosthesis distal to the rotator to be positioned in the transverse plane (turntable)
rotator (anat.): muscle providing for a rotational movement of a joint
rotator (tech.): prosthetic device providing vertical rotation
roughen: act of roughing; act of making a surface less smooth
roughing: non-final, relatively rough planing cut of round bars on the lathe machine
router machine (mech.): metal shaping machine (chipping action)
router machine (O&P): long-arm O&P milling/sanding/buffing universal machine
RTPO: person who having completed an approved course of training , manufactures orthoses or prostheses under the direction of an orthotist or prosthetist

S

SACH foot (solid ankle cushion heel): unjointed, prosthetic ankle-foot unit
sacroiliac: part of the trunk lying caudal to the lumbar vertebrae associated with the fused sacral vertebrae and their articulations with the os coxae
sacroiliac orthosis: orthosis that encompasses the whole or part of thesacro-iliac region of the trunk
sacrum: rigid base of the vertebral column; connected to the pelvis
safety rules: safety measures laid out in print
sagittal (transtibial) amputation: surgical technique according to Persson (1974): transtibial amputation building a medial and a lateral skin-muscle flap each
sagittal plane: anatomical reference plane; as seen from the side; perpendicular to frontal and transverse planes
sailor's gait: wide walking pattern (feet relatively far apart)
salvage, the (noun): act of surgical ?rescuing?, reconstruction
salvage, to (verb): to save a body part
sand, to (verb): smoothing a surface with abrasive material of various grid
scab: hard crust consisting of dried serum and devitalised cells covering a wound
scapula: the flat triangular bone of the shoulder girdle
scapular abduction: moving the shoulder girdles forward (in an upper limb prosthetic control motion)
scar: visible aftermath of skin healing; fibrous tissue resulting from the healing of damaged tissue
Scarpa's triangle: anatomical region bounded by the inguinal ligament, sartorious muscle and the medial border of adductor longus muscle; also known as femoral triangle
scissors: small cutting instrument, as paper cutter
scoliometer: tool for measuring scoliotic angles
scoliosis: lateral deviation of the spine and rotation of the vertebrae around the long axis of the spine
screening: examination of large group, searching specific information
scrotal hernia truss: truss (retention orthosis) for the retention of a scrotal (male) hernia
seat support orthosis: device supporting an abnormal seated body alignment
seating (orthotics of ~): design, manufacture and provision of custom seating
self-propelled (as wheel chair): manually operated by (human) body power
selfcare: any measure of independent care; taking of one owns needs; in rehabilitation a parameter of quality of life
semi?.: half?.
sensation: awareness or feeling due to stimulation of one of the senses
sensor: device that measures a real-world condition and converts it into a signal that can be read by an observer or an instrument
sensory nerve: nerves responsible for carrying impulses from receptors to the central nervous system
SEO: Shoulder-Elbow Orthosis: orthosis that encompasses the shoulder and elbow joints
sepsis: presence of pathogenic organisms and/or their toxins in the blood or tissues
sequela(e): after effect(s) of a disease, injury, procedure or treatment
set (adj.): aligned, adjusted, "all done"
set, to (verb): process of putting and confirming something into and in a position or switch-position
sever, to (verb): to cut off
sew, to (verb): connecting textiles or similar by needle and thread work
SEWHO: Shoulder Elbow Hand Wrist Hand Orthosis: orthosis that encompasses the shoulder, the elbow and the wrist joints and the hand
sewing, the (noun): connecting textiles or similar by needle and thread work
SEWO: Shoulder Elbow Hand Wrist Orthosis: orthosis that encompasses the shoulder the elbow and the wrist joints
sex (gender): differentiation between male and female
shank: lower limb segment between the knee and ankle joints
shaping: provision of desired dimensions to a model, workpiece, device etc.
shear force: force that is applied parallel (or tangential) to the surface of a body
shear strain: measure of the deformation of a body subject to a shear force
shear stress (noun): measure of stress that occurs on a surface parallel to the line of application of an external force
shears: large cutting instrument, as metal shears
sheath: thin stump sock: to reduce shear stress
sheet metal: thin metal, large in the other two dimensions
shell: cosmetic component of prostheses; interface component of orthoses
shell design: exoskeletal prosthetic construction
shin component: TF-prosthetic component for application below the knee joint
shock absorber: device that absorbs kinetic energy
shoe insert: foot orthosis, arch support
shoulder: part of the body comprising the thoraco-scapular joint, the humero-scapular joint, and the upper arm
shoulder disarticulation: amputation of the upper limb at the shoulder joint
shoulder elevation: raising one shoulder (prosthetic control motion)
shoulder girdle: part of the body comprising the thoraco-scapular joint, acromio-clavicular joint, and associated bones
shoulder joint: joint between the glenoid cavity of the scapula and the head of the humerus
shoulder orthosis (SO): orthosis that encompasses the shoulder joint
shoulder unit: prosthetic shoulder units designed to substitute for some of the functions of the normal shoulder joint by means of controlled motions
shrinkage: atrophy
shrinker: compression garment for residual limbs
shrinker: compression garment, sock or liner designed to reduce edema
shroud: technical, protective cover
shuttle: distal locking system in the socket, receiving the pin of prosthetic liners
side bar: orthotic structural component situated alongside an anatomical segment(s)
Silesian belt: pelvic strap for prosthetic suspension
silicone: thermo-setting chemical material with rubber-like mechanical properties, including low initial shear modulus
silicone liner: liner with suspension- or soft tissue replacement properties
silicone suspension sleeve: device supporting or providing TT-socket suspension
simplified technology: technology level below the standard technology level
single axis (or uniaxial) foot: prosthetic foot featuring plantar-dorsiflexion axis only
single axis joint: orthotic, prosthetic joints featuring one (transverse) axis only
SIO: Sacroiliac Orthosis: orthosis that encompasses the whole or part of the sacro-iliac region of the trunk
size: information on dimensions of a physical body
sizing: means of determining a (pre-fabricated) size by measuring
skeleton: functional structure of bones
skew: chamfered, slanted, also: misaligned
skew flap: skin flap slightly off-set from the sagittal or frontal plane, in transtibial amputation surgery
skill: well developed manual ability, skill of creating, craftsman skill
skin: cosmetic component of prostheses
skin care: any measure taking care of keeping the skin healthy and capable of prosthetic/orthotic application
slide adapter: modular adapter for m-l and a-p shifts
smooth: the opposite of rough
smoothing, finishing: providing a smooth surface
socket (anat.): concave receptacle for ball joint
socket (O&P): prosthetic interface component; prosthetic container for a residual limb or stump
socket (techn.): receptacle for electric bulb or similar
socket design: art and science of functional shaping of a prosthetic socket
socket fit: functional result after designing a prosthetic socket
socket suspension: "adhesion" or fixation property of a socket to connect to a residual limb
socket trial: trying on, analyzing and rectifying problems of socket fit
soft orthosis: orthotic device made from fabric or elastic components
soft tissue roll: roll of soft tissues not easily fitting inside the prosthetic socket
solder, to: to fuse metal by soldering
soldering: method of joining metals using fusible alloys, usually tin and lead, having melting points under 371 ¯ C
soldering iron: tool for developing and applying heat while soldering
solid ankle foot orthosis: ankle foot orthosis without ankle joint provision
solidity, strength: capability to withstand deforming forces
soluble: having the capability of being dissolved
solvent: means or agent supporting the act ofbeing dissolved
sophisticated technology: very highly developed (new) technology, above the usual standard
spasm: sudden, uncontrollable muscle contraction
spasticity: the occurrence and frequent re-occurrence of spasms
specific gravity/weight: material weight per defined volume, as for e.g. 1 cubic centimeter
spina bifida: paralysis caused by congenital defect of the spinal column
spinal: referring to the spine (vertebral column)
spinal column: vertebral column, backbone
spinal cord: cord of nerves in the core of the spinal column
spinal cord injury: paralysis caused by trauma or disease disturbing the spinal cord
spinal orthosis: orthosis applied to all or part of the trunk, head and neck and their intermediate joints
spine: spinal column, pointed bony process
spiral orthosis: spiral orthosis according to LEHNEIS (ankle foot orthosis)
splay foot: foot deformity, flattening of anterior transverse arch
splint: old fashioned term for an immobilizing device for a limb; immobilizing orthosis
split toe?: version of a longitudinally separated carbonfibre prosthetic foot allowing for in/eversion
spondylitis: inflammation of the vertebrae
spondylolisthesis: sliding of vertebra with incomplete intervertebral arch
sprain, distorsion: sudden and violent twisting and wrenching of a joint
squatting: ?heel sitting? position in maximum flexion of hips/knees
stabilisation: prosthetic interface attribute related to transmitting transverse forces between the prosthesis and the body, to maintain a consistent angular relationship between the prosthesis and the body
stability: quality of being firm and steadfast, also: the ability to withstand destructive forces
Stainless steel: steel alloy with nickel and chromium that is resistant to corrosion, used for P&O components that require enhanced strength with low cost
stance: act of standing
stance phase: phase of the gait cycle whilst leg is in ground contact
stance phase control: mechanism designed to control the stability of a prosthetic or orthotic knee unit
stance stability: ability of standing firm and with good balance, also: the ability to withstand disruptive forces successfully while in an upright position
standards: regulations agreed upon (such as provided by the ISO), that stipulate specific levels of performance, quality of goods and services, as well as procedures for manufacture, operation and control
static alignment: process whereby the bench alignment is refined while the prosthesis or orthosis is being worn by the stationary patient
static alignment control: determining correct bench alignment after prosthesis is donned
statics: science of mechanics, regarding forces in equilibrium
Steel: alloy of iron, with small amounts of carbon (see stainless steel)
step: walking period between foot-to-floor contact of one leg and foot-to-floor contact of the other leg
step counter: device counting a number of steps over time or distance covered
stimulation: the act of arousing an organism to action
stirrup: u-shaped contour of distal-plantar orthotic sidebars
stitching: to fix with needle and thread
stitching: to sew manually
stoma: surgical-artificial, permanent opening in abdominal wall
strain: measure of deformation of a body when subject to an external load
strap: orthotic interface component that applies a localized force mainly perpendicular to a body segment or at a joint
stratification: layering, - separation of a study cohort into subgroups or strata according to specific characteristic
strength: the ability of a material to withstand strain and stress
strengthening: any act or exercise invigorating physically or mentally
stress: measure of the intensity of the internal forces (in a body) that result from an external load
stride: walking period between foot-to-floor contact of one leg and foot-to-floor contact of the same leg
stripe: finishing element of trim lines, brims of corsets
stroke: cerebro-vascular accident, blocked vessel leading to ischaemia
structural component: connects interface, functional, and alignment components and maintains prosthesis integrity (endosketetal or exoskeletal); connects orthosis articulating and interface components and maintains orthosis alignment (includes uprights and shells)
strut: orthotic structural component situated alongside an anatomical segment(s)
stump: residual limb, the part that remains after amputation
stump care: any measure taking care of keeping a residual limb healthy and capable of prosthetic application
stump compression sock: sock-like cover for the stump; reducing edema and shaping the stump postoperatively after recent amputation
stump end cushion: distal soft pad in a prosthetic socket
stump examination: pre-prosthetic functional stump diagnosis
stump maturation: the postoperative process of shrinking, shaping and toughening a stump as a preparation to accept a prosthetic socket
stump shrinker: sock-like cover for the stump; reducing edema and shaping the stump postoperatively after recent amputation
stump sock: sock-like cover for the stump, avoiding chafing inside a socket, enhancing comfort by wicking humidity and compensating for volume fluctuation of the residual limb
sub-standard: below the standards
sub...: under...., below.....
subcutaneous: refers to tissue layers below the epidermis of the skin
subcutaneous tissue: tissue layer right under the skin
subluxation: partial dislocation of a joint
suction: method to support prosthetic suspension
suction chamber: distal space in a prosthetic socket serving as (low-pressure) chamber (uncommon today!)
suction discoloration: a blue discoloration of the stump end caused by distal suction action within the socket
suction socket: prosthetic socket, suspension supported by vacuum
supination: rotation of hand or foot around long axis with palm forward or foot inward
supine: laying on the back or with face upward (opp. = prone)
support: attribute of interface components (of prostheses) that relate to the transmission of longitudinal (proximally directed) forces from the prosthesis to the body
supra condylar: above the condyles
surface finishing: surface protection by smoothing, polishing, coating
surgeon: physician who specializes in surgery
surgery: branch of medical science that treats disease or trauma by operative procedures (invasive, bloody)
surgical amputation level: site or level of amputation
suspension: attribute of prosthetic interface components concerned with the retention of the prosthesis on the body
suspension aid: deviceproviding socket suspension
suspensory components (of prostheses): components of prostheses that maintain the prosthesis relative to the body
suture: sewn stitches, closure of a wound by application of needle and thread
sway: side to side movement
swedish knee cage: knee orthosis for hyperextended knee joint
swing phase: phase of the gait cycle, whilst leg is not in ground contact
swing phase control: mechanism that influences prosthetic knee unit movement during the swing phase
swivel walker: orthosis allowing for walking by swivel-like action of COG
SYME, Syme's amputation: SYME, a Scottish surgeon; ankle disarticulation amputation of the lower limb at the ankle joint
synovia (synovium): lining of joint capsule, bursae or tendons
synovial fluid: lubricating fluid in joints, bursae, and tendon sheaths
synthetic: man-made, produced artificially
synthetic material: man made materials as resins, plastics etc.
systemic disease: disease that affects the whole body instead of just one area

T

talo-crural joint: joint between foot and shank, components are: tibia, fibula and talus
talus: bone that articulates with the tibia and fibula to form the ankle joint
tan: to cure skin for leather production
tap and die (nouns): thread cutting tools (male and female)
tap, to (verb): to cut a thread
taping: bandaging by means of self-adhesive wraps
technical: the property of means and tools in application of technology
technique: specific method or procedure of applying technology
technology: knowledge of the design and application of a wide spectrum ofmeans and devices to benefit humanity
template: any pre-shaped tool for facilitation of design
tendinitis: inflammation of a tendon
tendon: cord of fibrous tissue that connects a muscle with a bone, thus transmitting force and motion
tennis elbow: stress induced inflammation of ligament or tendon at elbow, (epicondylitis)
tenodesis: tendon to bone fixation
TENS: method of analgesia through electric impulses
tensile force: ?pulling? force
tension banding (O&P): muscular stabilization (trunk) keeping muscular balance
tension banding (surgery): method of osteosynthesis using muscle power
terminal devices: prosthetic devices that substitute for some of the functions of the normal hand: they include prosthetic hands, split hooks, and specialized appliances
terminal swing: end of the swing phase
textile: fabric made
TF: trans-femoral, amputation through the thigh bone between the hip joint and the knee joint
TF-prosthesis: prosthesis after transfemoral amputation
TF-socket: prosthetic socket for transfemoral amputation
therapy: any means of treatment with the goal of healing
thermo-molded: molded or shaped under the application of heat
thermography: technique for measuring and displaying body temperature in body segments. Useable to compare skin blood flow. See also DITI
thermoplast: plastic material re-shapeable under heat application
thermoplastic: heat shapeable plastic material property
thermoscan- see thermography: see: thermography
thermosetting: curing under heat dissipation
thermosetting plastic: after curing non-reshapeable plastic material (injected in molds while heated)
thigh corset: cuff with (metal-) sidebars, TT-prosthetic suspension
Thomas test: method of assessing hip flexion contracture
thoracic: pertaining to the thorax (trunk, rib cage)
thorax: middle region of the body between the head and the abdomen
thorax, thoracic region: part of the trunk between the neck and the diaphragm, associated with the twelve thoracic vertebrae
thread: helical cut (screw) cut in a bolt / nut
threading, thread cutting: apply screw cut to bolt / nut
three prong adapter: Socket adapter for long residual limbs
thrombosis: formation of a clot in the blood that either blocks, or partially blocks a blood vessel
tibia: shin bone
tibial condyle: proximal end of the tibia
tibial crest: anterior edge of the tibia
tibial progression: the forward movement of the tibia from heel contact to toe off
tissue: any functional conglomerate of biological cells
tissue: any functional conglomerate of threads or material cells
tissue breakdown: trauma of tissue pertaining to external influences (as: overload, chafing, friction)
titanium: non-ferrous light-weight metal with excellent corrosion resistance, inertness, and mechanical properties, notably fatigue tolerance. Alloying may enhance specific properties, like strength, sometimes at cost (reduced inertness, etc.)
TKO? safety knee: knee joint that controls stance flexion using body weight application
TLSO: Thoraco-Lumbo-Sacral Orthosis: orthosis that encompasses the whole or part of the thoracic, the lumbar and the sacro-iliac regions of the trunk
TLSO-frame type: Thoraco Lumbar Sacral Orthosis - frame type
TLSO-frame type (Hohmann): Thoraco Lumbar Sacral Orthosis - frame type, Knight-Taylor brace
TO: Thoracic Orthosis: orthosis that encompasses whole or part of the thoracic region of the trunk
toe box: in a shoe: space provided for the toes
toe clearance: keeping the toes off the ground (in mid swing)
toe off: getting the toes off the ground (in terminal stance)
tomography (computerized): computerized radiographic imaging in sequential layers
tone: basic tension of the relaxed muscle
tongue: flap under the lacing of a shoe or a corset
topical: medication applied to the surface of the skin
torch: device for applying heat while brazing
torque: effect of a rotational force acting along a lever arm (see moment)
torque absorber: prosthetic functional component designed to allow transverse plane motion, thus reducing the torque transmitted to the stump
total contact socket: socket providing equal surface contact all over
TOTAL shock ?: prosthetic device providing vertical rotation and shock absorption
total support: support forces are developed along the entire length of the socket rather than any specific proximal or distal location
total surface bearing (socket): socket providing equal surface contact all over
TOTAL? Knee: polycentric joint controlling knee stance flexion by a geometric centrode
tourniquet (effect): a circumferential constriction stopping or reducing blood flow (deliberately applied after trauma or during surgery)
toxic: being poisonous, demonstrating toxicity
toxicity: extent or degree to which a substance is poisonous
TQM; total quality management: continuous process for managing quality and improvements involving everyone and all activities in a company
trace: to draw, mark, transfer construction details to a workpiece
tracing, contour tracing: drawing of the outer contours
training and education: practice training linked with academic education (e.g. as relates to O&P education)
trans: through
trans-lumbar amputation: amputation through the lower part of the trunk; hemicorporectomy
trans-pelvic amputation: amputation of the whole lower limb together with all or part of the hemipelvis
trans-radial amputation: amputation of the upper limb between the the elbow joint and the wrist joint
trans-radial prosthesis: prosthesis for a person with an amputation between the elbow joint and the wrist joint
transcutaneous: through the skin
transducer: device that converts an input signal (force, pressure, movement, temperature, humidity, etc.) into another signal (electric, hydraulic, mechanical, etc.)
transfemoral: through the thigh bone
transfemoral amputation: amputation through the femur (thigh bone) between the hip joint and the knee joint
transfemoral prosthesis (AK): prosthesis for transfemoral amputation - (AK)
transfer: moving from one surface to anotherwithout changing body position (e.g. from wheelchair to car/bed/chair)
transfer device: device supporting transfer from wheelchair to chair, bed, toilet
transferring oneself: moving from one surface to another, such as sliding along a bench or moving from a bed to a chair, without changing body position (WHO term)
transhumeral amputation: amputation through the humerus between the shoulder joint and the elbow joint
transhumeral prosthesis (AE): amputation through the humerus - (AE)
transmetatarsal: through the mid-foot bones
transtibial (TT) prosthesis: prosthesis provided after transtibial amputation
transtibial amputation: amputation of the lower limb between the knee joint and the ankle joint
transversal (transtibial) amputation: transversal surgical technique according to Burgess: transtibial amputation building a long posterior flap
transverse deficiency: absence of limb or distal part of limb; deficiency in which all bones distal to a transverse plane are totally absent
transverse plane: any horizontal reference plane
trauma: physical injury or wound caused by an external force of violence that may cause death or permanent disability
traumatic: lesion caused by "accident" , see trauma
Trendelenburg's phenomena: limping due to weakness of hip abductors (e.g. underdeveloped acetabulum / hip-socket)
tri-axial: featuring three axes (typically 90 degrees toward each other)
triceps surae: three headed muscle in the calf
tricycle-type wheel chair: wheelchair with three wheels, front wheel manually powered
trim: to cut of excess material, to provide a smooth edge
triplegia: paralysis of one side of body plus one other extremity
trochanter: muscle insertion point, bony protrusion lateral-proximally at the femur
trunk: body excluding the head, the neck and the limbs
truss: retention orthosis for hernias
TT (transtibial) prosthesis: prosthesis provided after transtibial amputation
TT or tt: transtibial: amputation of the lower limb between the knee joint and the ankle joint
TT-socket: prosthetic socket for transtibial amputation
TT/TF ratio: number of amputations performed on TT level in relation to the number of amputations performed on TF level
tuberosity (as ischial tuberosity): bony protrusion, muscle insertion/fixation point
tumor: tissue hypergrowth
two-stage amputation: amputation done in two phases ("wet gangrene amputation", alternative: one-stage amputation)

U

ulcer: necrotic defect in the surface of the skin that may penetrate to deeper tissues
ulceration: the process of ulcer formation
ultrasonic scanning: diagnostic tissue scanning method using ultrasound as information carrier
umbilical cord: tubular structure connecting the fetus to the placenta, supplying the fetus with oxygen and nutrients and removing waste
umbilical hernia: hernia of the umbilical scar
umbilical truss: truss (retention orthosis) for umbilical scar hernia
uneven arm swing: indicator of a gait asymmetry (gait deviation)
uneven heel rise: indicator of a gait asymmetry (gait deviation)
uneven step length: indicator of a gait asymmetry (gait deviation)
uneven timing: indicator of a gait asymmetry (gait deviation)
uni?.: one?, single?.
uniaxial: constructed with a single axis joint
unilateral: one-sided (opposite: bi-lateral)
universal joint: mechanical linkage of a shaft that allows rotation around its long axis but, more importantly, to flex the joint in two planes in right angles to each other
Unna paste: zinc paste; combination of 15% zinc oxide in a glycogelatine base after Paul Gerson UNNA, German dermatologist
upholster (to): to pad, provide soft surface
upper extremity, upper limb: part of the body comprising the hand,forearm, upper arm, shoulder girdle, and the intermediate joints
upper limb orthosis: orthosis applied to whole or part of the upper limb
upper limb prosthesis: prosthesis used to replace the whole or part of the upper limb
upright: orthotic structural component alongside an anatomical segment(s)
upset: to compress (as in forging)

V

vacuum: absence of any matter, including air; a complete vacuum is impossible
vacuum molded: shaped or formed using vacuum as a support force in shaping
valgus: tilt/angulation away from the vertical midline
valve: device to control the flow of liquids or gasses
varicosis: disease of the veins (as seen in legs)
varieties: various kinds of?..
varnish: clear transparent lacquer
varus: deviation or tilt/angulation of a limb segment toward the midline of the body
varus foot deformity: congenital foot deformity, often: part of pes equino varus, club foot
vascular: pertaining to blood vessels (arteries, veins)
vascular surgery: specialized surgery in the management of diseases of the blood vessels, occlusive disease, bypass and transplantations of veins in particular
vaulting: pushing oneself upward by excessive plantar flexion, thus lifting the body; "walking on the tiptoes"
veins: blood vessels returning de-oxygenated blood to the heart
velocity: speed (vectorial consideration of speed)
venous leg ulcer: ulcer in the lower leg caused by venous insufficiency
vernier caliper/gauge: precision measuring instrument
verrucose hyperplasia: congested stump oedema due to poor socket fitcharacterized by the formation of hyperpigmented skin and lymphatic drainage
verrucose, verrucous: characterized by the formation ofoedematous hyperpigmented skin
viable: valuable in the sense of being useful and functional
video-metric: measuring by means of video filming
virus: an infectious, mostly pathogenic agent replicating itself within cells of its host
visco-elastic: displaying properties of liquids and of elastic springs
viscosity: measure of resistance to flow of a material
viscous: refers to a material that continuously deforms (or flows) when subject to external forces
vise: clamping device to hold work piece, while being worked on
visual impairment: conditions where people are blind, color blind, or have reduced vision capabilities
vocational: in relation to a vocation
vocational training & education: building a professional by pertaining training (as apprenticeship course)
volume fluctuation: swelling and shrinking
volume loss: process of postoperative shrinking of a residual limb; volume loss creates potential problems with socket fit
vulcanization: process of curing raw rubber in a heat process
vulcanized fibre: an early synthetic plastic material

W

walker: frame, with or without wheels, to support a person when walking
walking ability: walking, mobility, quality of life factor
walking ability index (WAI): short distance walking ability test providing 6 categories from the unsuspicious walker to the non-ambulator (SIRIWARDENA, 1991)
walking aid: any device supporting the act of walking
walking distance: distance covered while walking, measured in units of length
walking frame: frame, with or without wheels, to support a patient when walking
walking performance: performance of walking measured in physical or physiological values
walking school: facility retraining disabled individuals to learn walking again
walking speed: speed achieved while walking, measured in distance over time
wart: non-cancerous skin growth caused by a virus
wastage of tissue: atrophy
weight: force exerted by any mass as a result of gravity
weight activated safety knee: knee joint that controls stance flexion by body weight application
weight bearing: act of accepting (and transferring) weight (in socket)
weight bearing (thigh) corset: corset including an ischial support for weight transfer
weight bearing orthosis: orthosis designed to reduce weight-pertaining force transfer to an extremity
wet gangrene: gangrene that appears with liquidizing tissue deterioration by reasons of bacterial infection with anaerobe microorganisms
wheel chair: mobility aid on wheels for transporting a disabled person in a seated position
whiplash injury: soft tissue injury of the neck caused by alternating rapid forceful flexion and extension
WHO: Wrist Hand Orthosis: orthosis that encompasses the wrist joint and hand
WHO: World Health Organization (headquarters in Geneva Switzerland)
window edema: swelling (of a residual limb) into a non-contact space
WO: Wrist Orthosis: orthosis that encompasses the wrist joint
wrap impression: negative (plaster) cast taken by wrapping (plaster) bandages
wrap molding: negative pressure supported thermoforming of thermoplastic sheet material in a wrapping approach (creating a seam)
wrist disarticulation: amputation of the upper limb at the wrist joint
wrist joint: joint between the distal end of the radius and the proximal row of the carpal bones
wrist units: prosthetic units that substitute for some of the functions of the normal wrist joint by means of controlled motions
wrist?hand-finger orthosis (WHFO): orthosis that encompasses thewrist joint, the hand and one or more fingers

X

Xenon Xe 133: Xenon gas, Xe133 (radioactive), is used in medical imaging to study blood flow. By comparative scanning its tissue concentration may be tracked (indicating the related tissue blood flow)

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